Character Analysis of Meredith Grey in Grey’s Anatomy Essay

Meredith Grey, M. D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey’s Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series’ producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo. Meredith is the series’ protagonist, and was introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, eventually obtaining the position of resident, and later attending. As the daughter of world-renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, Meredith struggles with the everyday life of being an attending, maintaining the relationship with her one-night stand and eventual husband Derek Shepherd, her new-found motherhood, and the friendships with her colleagues. Meredith is the narrator of the show and serves as the focal point for most episodes. Pompeo’s connection with Patrick Dempsey (Derek Shepherd) is acclaimed as a high point of the series. Rhimes has characterized Meredith as not believing in good or bad, but doing what she thinks is right. Pompeo has been nominated for several awards, winning many of them, for her performance on the show. Grey has been positively received by television critics, with Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times referring to her as â€Å"the heroine of Grey’s Anatomy†. News of Pompeo leaving uprose when it was made clear that her contract ended after the eighth season. Speculation occurred again when Rhimes reported that Grey’s Anatomy will be returning for a ninth season. TVLine reported that Ellen Pompeo has signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members.

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Use Change

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE: THE CASE OF CALAMBA CITY, LAGUNA A Research Proposal I. INTRODUCTION A. Significance of the Study Land and its uses are essential to all human communities. Every person is shaped in a range of ways by the landscape in which they live, and the products and resources produced on the land. Land and its uses are particularly important for rural communities, where many people are directly dependent on land for their livelihood, and the way land is used has a central role in defining the identity of an area and its community.Land as defined by FAO (1976) is â€Å"an area of earth’s surface, the characteristics which embrace all reasonably stable or predictably cyclic attributes of the biosphere vertically above and below this area, including those of the atmosphere, the soil, the underlying geology, the hydrology, the plant and animal population and the results of the past and present human activity, to the extent that th ese attributes influence on the present and future use of the land†.Land is an important element on earth that is involved in every human activity. This refers to land use. Land use defined in this way establishes a direct link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment (Di Gregorio & Jansen, 1998). In restrictive terms, it refers to those activities of man on, in, over and under the earth’s surface that tend to change the natural state of the land (Serote, 2004). Land use change is a general term for the human modification of Earth's terrestrial surface.Though humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of land use change are far greater than ever in history, driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, includi ng  climate change,  biodiversity  loss and the pollution of water, soils and air (Williams et al. , 2008).Land use change can either be by natural cause or man induced. Land use changes made in land imply impact both on human and environment. In socioeconomic terms, land is one of three major factors of production in classical economics (along with labor and capital) and an essential input for housing and food production. Thus, land use is the backbone of agricultural economies and it provides substantial economic and social benefits. Land use conversion is necessary and essential for economic development and social progress.This land use conversion results to land use change. Environmentally speaking, land–use changes are arguably the most pervasive socioeconomic force driving changes and degradation of ecosystems. Deforestation, urban development, agriculture, and other human activities have substantially altered the Earth’s landscape. Such disturbance of the land affects important ecosystem processes and services, which can have wide–ranging and long–term consequences.There are already studies that have been conducted to determine the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of land use changes in their own respective localities or area of interest. It has been one of the major issues today. According to Sala et al. , (2000) land-use changes are so pervasive that, when aggregated globally, they significantly affect key aspects of Earth System functioning. They directly impact biotic diversity worldwide contribute to local and regional climate change (Chase et al. , 1999) as well as to global climate warming (Houghton et al. 1999); are the primary source of soil degradation (Tolba et al. , 1992); and, by altering ecosystem services, affect the ability of biological systems to support human needs (as cited by Lambin et al. , 2001). Calamba, as a fast growing city in Laguna had made different land use changes in its locality. Land use changes here occur due to different conversion of agricultural based lands into industrial and commercial uses. Different natural phenomenon like flooding contributed also it the changes in land in Calamba. With this development, there are many impacts that took place.In this study, it would primarily focus on the impacts of land-use change in ten different barangays of Calamba City, Laguna. Identifying the impacts of land-use change would help the local government unit to make necessary actions to either improve positive or prevent negative impacts in the said locality. Proper policy actions can be developed, too. The results of the study will provide information to researchers, planners and decision makers for better comprehensive land use planning. B. Review of Literature This section has literature related to the research study.Different books, journal articles reports were investigated to conceptualize and explore knowledge gap in the study of land use change at the lo cal context Land-use and land-cover change induced by both human activities and natural feedbacks have converted large proportion of the planet’s land surface (Shi, 2008). Land Use and Land Use Change Every parcel of land on the Earth’s surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earth’s surface. Land use is the manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources.Examples of land use include agriculture, urban development, grazing, logging, and mining. In contrast, land cover describes the physical state of the land surface. Land cover categories include cropland, forests, wetlands, pasture, roads, and urban areas. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover, but it has broadened in subsequent usage to include human structures such as buildings or pavement and other aspects of the natural environment, such as s oil type, biodiversity, and surface and groundwater (Meyer, 1995).Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either, however, is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply a degradation of the land. However, many shifting land use patterns, driven by a variety of social causes, result in land cover changes that affect biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that, cumulatively, affect global climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, & Turner, 1994).Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered principally by direct human use: by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management, and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forests and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion (Meyer, 1995).Changes in land cover driven by land use can be categorized into two types: modification and conversion. Modification is a change of condition within a cover type; for example, unmanaged forest modified to a forest managed by selective cutting. Significant modifications of land cover can occur within these patterns of land cover change. Conversion is a change from one cover type to another, such as deforestation to create cropland or pasture.Conversion land cover changes such as deforestation have been the focus of many global change research agendas (Riebsame, Meyer and Turner, 1994). Serote in 2004 stated that conversion of land on the other hand can be classified into irreversible and reversible conversion. It is reversible if the soil cover and landforms are not substantially changed and therefore present a variety of opti ons for future reuse (for example croplands can be converted to pastures and reverted to croplands again as the need arises).Irreversible conversion occurs when the original character of the land is changed to such a degree that the reversal to its former use or condition becomes very difficult if not impossible. Example of this is open pit mining and quarrying. The loss of rainforests throughout the tropical regions of the world as a result of deforestation for timber resources and conversion to agricultural lands has become a topic of global attention with the aid of widespread media coverage. Research specialists such as Skole and Tucker (1993), Skole et al. (1994), and Kummer and Turner (1994) perform extensive studies in an attempt to bring further attention to this situation by focusing on the social implications and the environmental degradation associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon of South America and in Southeast Asia. Yet, with all the research, awareness, and attention of the world, this potentially devastating phenomenon continues. Modeling land use change In a research study made by Lim, Pijanowski and Engel in 2005, they employed a land use model called Land Transformation Model (LTM).The LTM model is designed to forecast land use change over large regions. It relies on GIS, artificial neural network routines (ANNs), remote sensing and customized geospatial tools. The driving variables include a variety of social, political and environmental factors, such as distance to transportation, proximity to amenities (such as rivers, lakes, and recreational site), density of surrounding agriculture, exclusive zones, and population growth. Information derived from an historical analysis of land use change is used to conduct forecast studies.The model is a desk top computer application, and it mainly follows four sequential steps: (1) processing/coding of data to create spatial layers of predictor variables; (2) applying spatial rules that r elate predictor variables to land use transitions for each location in an area; the resultant layers contain input variables values in grid format; (3) integrating all input grids using one of the three techniques, including multi-criteria evaluation, ANNs, and logistic regression; and (4) temporally scaling the amount of transitions in the study area in order to create a time series of possible future land uses.Detailed descriptions of the LTM can be found elsewhere (Pijanowski et al. , 2000) The LTM model has been applied and validated in a variety of locations around the world to help understand what factors are most important to land use changes and to simulate land use change in the past, present and future (Pijanowski et al. , 2000). It also offers the ability to link changes in land use to ecological process models, such as groundwater flow and solute transport (Boutt et al. , 2001) and forest cover change (Brown et al. , 2000). Urbanization and Land Use ChangeAt least two br oad urbanization pathways lead to different impacts on rural landscapes. In the developed world, large-scale urban agglomerations and extended peri-urban settlements fragment the landscapes of such large areas that various ecosystem processes are threatened. Ecosystem fragmentation, however, in peri-urban areas may be offset by urban-led demands for conservation and recreational land uses (Sack, 1992). Urbanization affects land change elsewhere through the transformation of urban-rural linkages. Urbanization in the less-developed world outbids all other uses for land adjacent to the city, including prime croplands.Cities attract a significant proportion of the rural population by way of permanent and circulatory migration, and the wages earned in the city are often remitted by migrants to rural homelands, in some cases transforming the use of croplands and creating ‘‘remittance landscapes’’. Perhaps most importantly, this urbanization changes ways of life u ltimately E. F. Lambin et al. , (2001) associated with demographic transitions, increasing expectations about consumption, and potentially a weakened understanding of production–consumption relationships noted for the well-developed world.Rapid land-use changes often coincide with the incorporation of a region into an expanding world economy (Lambin, et al. , 2001). Remote Sensing In the broadest sense, remote sensing is the measurement or acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object. It is the utilization at a distance (as from aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, or ship) of any device for gathering information about the environment. The technique can make use of devices such as a camera, laser, radar, sonar, seismograph or a gravimeter.Modern remote sensing normally includes digital processes but can be done as well with non-digital methods. While all astronomy could be considered remot e sensing (in fact, extremely remote sensing) the term â€Å"remote sensing† is normally only applied to terrestrial observations. Examples of remote sensing are very numerous. For example: a. Topographic maps were often produced from stereographic pairs of aerial photographs. Trained personnel would then trace the shape of the land into maps. b.Earthquakes are located (after the fact) by comparing seismograms taken at different locations; the relative intensity and precise timing yield information about the location and nature. c. Digital elevation maps can be produced by interferometric synthetic aperture radar, a process in which an aircraft, spacecraft or satellite passes over the target area while emitting a series of radar pulses. Combining the data from these pulses yields a detailed map containing information about ground cover and possibly elevation or movement on a scale of centimeters.The data usually covers a many kilometers wide (Gupta & Parakash 1998). Profile o f the City Calamba City is a first class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Situated only 54 kilometers south of Manila, about an hour by chartered bus, Calamba City is a popular tourist destination with its hot spring resorts. It also an important modern industrial center in CALABARZON region as shown by the larger number of industrial parks and business estates that are located in the city. According to 2006 census, it has a population of 360,281 inhabitants. CLUP, 2010-2015) It is reported that this city is among the fastest growing urban centers in the Region. Calamba city is famous for its historical tribute as the hometown of our national hero. According to the NAMRIA in 1999, residential sector takes up 48% of the total land area, while 44% is allotted for Industrial use. The commercial sector only consumes 3% of the total land area – the other 5% consist of other land uses. C. Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study is to determine the so cio-economic and environmental impacts of land-use conversion at the local level.Specifically, this study endeavors; 1) To map out the current land use situation of Calamba City using GIS (to see the historical land use situation of the said locality); 2) To identify both the positive and negative impacts of land-use conversion in six barangays of Calamba City; 3) To identify causes of land-use conversions and land use change; 4) To assess the existing policy and mitigation strategies to the impacts of land use conversion; and 5) To propose recommendations on comprehensive land use planning of Calamba City.D. Date and Place of Study The survey and other data gathering method (Key informant interviews and focus group discussion) will be conducted from June, 2012 to August, 2012 in selected barangays in Calamba City. Analysis and interpretation of data will be done from September, 2012 to November 2012. The researcher aims to finish the study by January, 2013. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD OLOGY A. Materials Secondary Maps of 1:50,000 scale (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, Political boundary) †¢ Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Calamba City †¢ Satellite Imagery (30 meters resolution Terralook ASTER image) †¢ Geographic Information System (GIS) Software (ArcInfo Desktop) †¢ Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver †¢ Semi-structured questionnaires B. Methodology Secondary data collection Secondary data will be gathered primarily from the City of Calamba, Laguna to serve as baseline information for the study area.These shall include the CLUP report of Calamba City, secondary baseline maps in digital and print format (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, Political boundary). Other pertinent information (demographic, economic) shall be likewise collected and consolidated from other government agencies (National Statistics Coordination Board, Department of Interior and Local Government etc. ). Primary data collection The freely downloadable 30 meters resolution satellite imagery will be requested from United State Geological Society (USGS) website (http://glovis. usgs. gov). This shall be utilized in the generation of p-to-date land use map of the study area. ArcInfo Desktop GIS software shall be utilized in the generation of the baseline maps, spatial analyses and land use classification. All GIS maps shall have Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) North Zone 51 format projection and WGS1984 datum. Unsupervised image classification. An unsupervised image classification will be done for aster satellite imagery. This image classification will serve as the basis for the supervised classification. These classifications will be validated thru ground truthing and high-resolution satellite imagery of google earth.Supervised classification. The training units or signatures of the different land uses will be prepared in ArcInfo Desktop by digitizing at least 100 polygons for each land uses. Supervised image classification will pro ceed using maximum likelihood method for the final landuse maps. Household survey, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Key Informant Interview (KII) will be conducted to selected LGU officials of the City of Calamba with emphasis on the issues and concerns related to land use, as well as the perceived socio-economic impacts of land use in their locality.Similarly, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will be done to gather relevant information base on the consensus of randomly selected barangay officials and residents of the City of Calamba. A random household survey will also be conducted using semi-structured questionnaire to gather basic household demographic information, as well as knowledge and perception on the socio-economic impacts of land use change. III. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS |Particulars |Estimated Cost |Remarks | |I.Data Gathering | |   | |A. Travel |Php 9,000. 00 |Includes ground truthing and validation | |B. Supplies and Materials |4,000. 00 |   | |C. Sundries | |   | |1.Contractual services (field guide, enumerators) |12,000. 00 |Hiring of field guides and enumerator | |2. Photocopying |1,000. 00 |   | |II. Writing of Thesis | |   | |A. Computerization/Typing |4,000. 00 |   | |III.Reproduction/Printing |6,000. 00 |   | |TOTAL |Php36,000. 00 |   | REFERENCES Food and Agiculture Organization. 1976. Land quality indicators: aspects of land use, land, soil and plant nutrients. Rome, Italy (Retrieved from http://www. fao. org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e0b. htm) Gupta, R. P. , & Prakash, A. 998, Reflection aureoles associated with thermal anomalies due to subsurface mine fires in the Jharia Coalfield, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, pp. 2619-2622. Lambin, E. F. , Turner II, B. L. , Geist, H. J. , Agbola, S. B. , Angelsen, A. , Bruce, J. W. , et al. , 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11 (4), 261–269. Meyer, W. B. 1995. Past and Present Land-use and Land-cover in the U. S. A. (Retrieved from http://www. gsdi. rg/gsdiconf/gsdi10/papers/TS48. 1paper. pdf) Serote, E. M. 2004. Property, patrimony, and territory: Foundations of Land Use planning in the Philippines. School of Urban and Regional Planning, DIliman Quezon City. Shi, W. Z. 2008. Spatial Data Transformation in Urban Geographic Information Systems,  Technologies and Applications in Urban Geographical Information Systems. Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House, 1996, pp. 59-69. Skole,D. L. & Tucker, C. J. 1993. :Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon. Retrieved from http://www. ciesin. org/docs/002-115/002-115. html) Turner, B. L. & Meyer, W. B. 1991. Land use and land cover in global environmental change: Considerations for study. International Social Sciences Journal 130, 669–667 Williams, M. Richardson, D. , Reichstein, M. , Stoy, P. C. , Peylin, P. , et al. ,2008. Improving land surface models with Fluxnet data. Published in Biogeosciences. (Retrieved from http://www. geos. ed. ac. uk/homes/pstoy/WilliamsBG09. pdf) ———————– C. Detailed Schedule of Activities

Launch of Cosmetic Industry in Dubai Case Study

Launch of Cosmetic Industry in Dubai - Case Study Example The total personal care market in the Emirates alone was higher than $414.2 million in 2005 as compared to $382.5 million in 2002. One of the leading retailers of cosmetics in the UAE told Khaleej Times1, "The demand for various brands, especially herbal cosmetics has surged in the UAE as customers have become more conscious regarding skin care products and moisturizing products as the weather conditions in the Gulf harms the skin. Consumption of cosmetics and fragrances in the Gulf states is one of the highest per capita in the world with the average purchase estimated to be in the region of $334 per head." This indeed is true because people will not normally forget the hospitability offered at the service based organization like restaurant, beauty parlor, consultancy firm etc and especially the cosmetic industry. Dubai can be chosen because the increasing urbanization and a growth in the number of office workers have resulted in a strong focus on grooming. The Terpstra and Sarathy Cultural Framework2 helps marketing managers to assess the cultural nature of an international market. The Eight categories are Language, Religion, Values and Attitudes, Education, Social Organizations, Technology and Material Culture, Law and Politics and Aesthetics. 1. 1. Language: - Arabic (official), English, Hindi, Urdu, Persian are the languages in UAE. The ethnic groups in UAE- Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) and less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982). 2. Religion: 96% of the total population of UAE is Muslim with 16% Shia Muslims3. It also consists of religions like Hindu, Christian but in very small numbers. Muslims are forbidden by God to eat the meat of the pig (pork). Eating the meat of the pig is said to contribute to lack of morality and shame, plus greed for wealth, laziness, indulgence, dirtiness and gluttony. In the country, one hears the regular prayer calls five times a day and sees all the people sincerely observe the religion. 3. Values and Attitude: Generally people in UAE have a high regard for their elders. Although traditional roles are changing, especially in urban areas, there are important values shared by most of the families. Normally, UAE people hold family progress, unity and support in high regard throughout their lives. Mostly people live in an extended family, in which every member has their own role, often determined by age and gender. There is typically a head of the family who takes the major decision with respect to the family and his decision is respected by everyone in the family. Elders are supposed to use their experience and wisdom to help guide younger members of the family. Unlike the tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian art, Muslim art is always devoid of depictions of the animate, especially human beings according to the dictates of Islam or Muslim religion.

Defentions and Financial Mesures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Defentions and Financial Mesures - Essay Example Focus on shareholder value started gaining prominence in the 1980s and by the start of 21st century had become a key element in corporate governance in the US, UK, and most of leading European nations like Germany, France and Sweden; so much so that the OECD, in their document released in 1999, emphasised that firms be run first and foremost in the interest of shareholders. They further reinforced this thought in their 2004 release of OECD principles of corporate governance (OECD 2004). As the fad of focus on shareholder value began spreading, the understanding of the concept seemed to have started to erode somewhat as many executives began to focus on quarterly earnings as a key driver of their stock prices. The concept of shareholder value does not, however, imply that companies should target a short-term â€Å"never-before† high stock price at any cost. A company targeting only short-term stock price gains is likely to suffer in the long-term as it would be subject to makin g decisions that may seem beneficial in the short-term but could likely produce a negative long-term effect. Instead, the concept of shareholder value means that if a company builds value, its stock price will trace it; the objective for a firm’s management is then â€Å"to build value and let the stock price reflect this value† (Mauboussin, 2011). And, the value creation of a company is reflected in its ability to secure and increase its long-term cash flow. It is thus essential to understand how to and, more importantly, how not to create shareholder value. Creating shareholder value is not just about getting the numbers right in the short-term but more about taking the right decisions that create sustainable long-term value for the firm. For example, in order to â€Å"increase the shareholder value†, a firm could cut its cost on pollution abatement and lead to environmental damage; such actions, however, are not sustainable in the long-term and when the time comes to take corrective measures in the long-term, the associated costs could be several times higher. Another very recent example is how banks and other lenders blindly lent money to create the housing bubble in the US. From short-term perspective, the sub-prime lending seemed extremely attractive for creating value and seeing the stock prices skyrocket but it was probably not the best decision from long-term cash flow perspective. Thus, from the long-term perspective and in retrospection, the overlooking of fundamentals of lending without considering the ability of people to repay and the short-term focus on numbers was probably not the best strategy for creating value. This ideology of focussing on short-term was even criticised by Jack Welch, former CEO of GE, and a chief proponent of the idea of â€Å"shareholder value†. In an article on Financial times, Welch called the short-term focus on share price as an indicator of shareholder value as â€Å"the dumbest idea† (Guerrera, 2009). He said that rather than setting share price as their objective, managers should focus on aligning their short-term profits with an increase in the long-term value. It is therefore important to understand that the principle of shareholder value is the right one only as long as it is understood properly and in the right sense; that is constantly focussing on the long-term and

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tata Nano Cross Culture Marketing - Essay Example The focus of the case study is on the Tata Ultra-Low Cost Car. The Tata Nano is a small car targeting the lower echelons in the society. The product has several distinct features such as size, engine size, design and speed. The car borrows from the principles used in the production of the Volkswagen Beetle and the British Mini popular with the Mr. Bean films. In all cases, the cars were produced to meet a certain market segment and increase the ease of acquisitions. The performance and efficiency of the cars may not be compared to other luxurious cars, but the main goal of the cars is to reduce cost of purchase, as well as maintenance (Hollensen, 2007, p. 287). The car has registered mixed fortunes in the market since it was officially launched into the market. The marketing of the product may be the weak link, but there are still other improvements to be implemented in the product to succeed. Additionally, the product will face stiff competition from Bajaj motors who also intend to produce fuel efficient cars that fit in the same category as the Tata Nano. Market Segmentation for Tata Nano Market segmentation is the process of dividing the market using a certain way in order to target a certain set of buyers or consumers. In the past, most companies employed mass marketing with the exception of the motor vehicle industry which initially targeted the rich, but later covered the middle class and the current trend are to incorporate the low end earners (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 34). To incorporate them, Tata Motors produced the Tata Nano. Tata Nano is nicknamed the â€Å"people’s car† based on the specification and performance stipulated by the company. The cars were rolled into the market in 2006 with the Nano have different specifications (Beverly and Thomson, 2011, p. 67). The four-door Nano is over 10 feet long and nearly five feet wide. The size indicates the targeted market segment because the bigger the size the higher the cost of the vehicle. In addition, it is powered by a 623cc two cylinder engine as compared to the standard four cylinder engines. The reduction in the cylinder numbers is to reduce fuel consumption. In the process of reducing the fuel consumption, other features are eliminated. The maximum speed of the car is 65 miles per hour, which is slightly slower compared to luxury cars. The location of the wheels of the vehicle at the extreme ends improves the handling. It has a small trunk for load carriage (Allen, 2010, p. 89). The product design ensures cost of production is reduced while ensuring that the needs of the customers are met. The product targets the low end users in India which has several challenges (Cleland and Ireland, 2006, p. 45). India is marked with a serious challenge in terms of transportation because of the increased traffic snarl ups and jams. These traffic jams leads to loss of fuel and affects people's wealth. The production of the Nano ensures easy transportation and lower cost even in t raffic jams due to the low consumption associated with the car. The lower echelons in the society have already been targeted by other companies such as the production of the Maruti 800 by the Maruti Udyog Ltd. The Nano has distinct advantages over the Maruti 800 because of the seating space, luggage space and cost. The product’s target market of the middle class and low echelons in the society must be evaluated to obtain brand association. The middle class in India cannot be

Dropbox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dropbox - Essay Example Analysis: Houston and Ferdowsi believed that their product was unique and most user-friendly, without having the users the need to learn its usage, and yet extremely useful to its users. Houston believed that something like the Dropbox technology is needed by every individual that works or uses computer technology, although people can work without this one; however, Dropbox would make their computer-based work and activities hassle-free and enable individuals to access their files/information/data from any other system and from anywhere in the world. The most challenging aspect for Dropbox is to earn consumers that believed in the usability, precision, and need for Dropbox technology. The most important and challenging aspect of bringing Dropbox to consumers is to confront the fierce competition that already existed in the market in other forms. There were products that provided backup; protected data from risk of loss, hackers, damage etc; upload data onto the web for future access from anytime and any place. Dropbox had to combine all features of the competitors’ products in order to enter the market and sustain. Dropbox used minimal marketing strategies in order to avoid additional costs and focused on providing additional usage features with their product. This certainly was a tough challenge compared to its rivals, like Carbonite and Mozy, which invested heavily on advertising through various media. Dropbox is based on a different kind of business model that comprised of various other technological companies in building this product. Secondly, promotion through screencast onto the Hacker News attracted immense feedback from beta users on usability and features of Dropbox. This activity also attracted some funding from Y Combinator, which further promoted Dropbox by conducting a demo day to larger companies. This helped in attracting funds as well as consumers.

Reasons of joining an DBA or PhD program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasons of joining an DBA or PhD program - Essay Example After gaining enough experience and resources, I plan to start my own firm that will provide business strategies and development plans for corporations and other business establishments. In my provision of professional skills to business establishments that I work in and those that I will work for in the future, I hope to impact humanity positively For me to achieve my career objectives, I believe that undertaking a doctorate program in your learning institution will equip me with the necessary knowledge and skills that I require on top of what I have learned both through life experiences and my undergraduate and master’s education. Firstly, since I have specialized in the development of business strategies, the doctorate program will help me acquire the applied research skills which the program specializes in rather than theoretical research which is covered by the PHD program. Applied research is instrumental in the execution of my duties in my career since it helps in coming up with business development strategies that are both applicable and adaptable to change. This is unlike the theoretical research approach that is based on theories that worked in economic times of the past that are quite different to the economic situation that we are currently in. The program will also equip me with the skills to develop busine ss strategies that will adapt to different economic conditions. I am also confident that as I undertake my thesis project I will be able to do a lot of research that will provide a lot of knowledge on trends in the business administration and strategy discipline. I will also be able to examine models and theories proposed by scholars in the discipline thus enabling me to differentiate those that work in today’s economy from those that are irrelevant I am confident that if given an opportunity, I will

What actions might be taken by the government of (one country) to Essay

What actions might be taken by the government of (one country) to reduce and limit price fluctuations of coffee - Essay Example If the price of any product fluctuates highly then the government can limit the fluctuation through minimum and maximum prices, also referred to as price flooring and price ceiling respectively (Dineshbakshi, 2015). The government can set a maximum price which must be below the equilibrium price of coffee in order to be effective and disallow trading above that price level (Dineshbakshi, 2015). As, the price is below the equilibrium it will lead to excess demand and eventually lead to a shortage. In such cases there will also be some consumers who will be willing to buy coffee at a higher price than the price set by the government and this will lead to black markets being created (Dineshbakshi, 2015). The situation cannot be left this way and let the economic situation of the country worsen, thus further actions are required by the government (Dineshbakshi, 2015). Government may take total control of supplying these goods or even producing goods itself (Dineshbakshi, 2015). But the problem may remain as people may not sell all their stock of coffee and black markets may still remain. On the other hand if the government takes control of the production in its hand, it will be accompanied with may management and other technical issues. The government can also help in eliminating this black market and the shortage in the market by supplying coffee from its own stocks (Dineshbakshi, 2015). All these steps by the government will lead to the supply curve shifting rightwards, achieving equilibrium and eliminating shortage (Dineshbakshi, 2015). On the other hand, if the government sets a minimum price which must be above the equilibrium price in order to be effective and ban trading lower than that price level; it may also help in reducing price fluctuations (Dineshbakshi, 2015). As the price is set above the equilibrium price it will lead to higher supply and lower demand leading to a surplus of coffee in the market (Dineshbakshi, 2015). Surplus can also be catered

Is Jekyll And Hyde Just A Gothic Horror Essay Example for Free

Is Jekyll And Hyde Just A Gothic Horror Essay Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson is a typical Gothic horror story in the way the novel is written and described. Some people may disagree with this statement because in the Cambridge guide to English literature, Gothic fiction is described as a type of novel or romance popular in the late 18th and early 19th century and the word Gothic had come to mean wild barbarous and crude. Gothic novels were usually set in the past and in foreign countries, they took place in monasteries, castles and dungeons. Plots hinged on suspense and mystery often involving the supernatural. Having read the statement and also Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde some parts of the statement do not agree with the novel, for example, the novel is set in London and there are no castles or dungeons. Where as in Dracula by Bram Stoker and also Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are both set in foreign countries and also in mysterious locations Dracula being set in a castle and Frankenstein in a laboratory. To deal with human nature Stevenson discusses the ideas of Charles Darwin. Around the 19th century Charles Darwin began to write theories of animals and evolution, Stevenson was obviously influenced by these ideas and uses them to describe one of the main characters Mr Hyde. Stevenson also mentions religion when he discusses the ideas of Christian and non-Christian aspects in the novel. Stevenson uses lots of Gothic images, one of the first gothic parts of the novel is the trampling of the young girl. This scene is described as a black winter morning with the word black being very strong in that sentence because it makes the place seem evil and sends a shiver down your spine. The location is Gothic as it gives off a sense of darkness and fear. This is the part of the novel where religion is first mentioned, although it is not part of the Christian area of religion. Stevenson describes Hyde, as a juggernaught when he tramples over the young girl this is very strange considering juggernaught was something associated with the Hindu religion. Another Gothic feature in the novel is the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, two quotations which are Gothic are The bones audibly crunching and The body jumped upon the roadway. These sentences are quite interesting in the way they are described, first the crunching is a good use of an onomatopoeia by Stevenson, as the word crunching is very disturbing and you can almost hear the bones crunching in your head. The second makes you think of a dead body jumping around on the road. This is Gothic because the act that Hyde commits is an evil one, and where it actually takes place is a mysterious and strange location. The meeting of the two men also has an air of mystery surrounding it, as they meet in the dead of night when no one else is around. Stevenson uses the ideas of Darwin to write his description of Hyde, in the novel Hyde is described as an ape ..with ape like fury he clubbed him to the earth. A Gothic location is a place where it is usually dark, dingy and foggy a sinister place that you really would not like to be. For example Draculas castle is a gothic location, because it is old and also because it is dark and mysterious. Many of the locations in the novel are gothic, one of them being the description of Hydes house and the street outside. The novel quotes the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street. Then in the same chapter Stevenson describes the front of the dissecting room as a Sinister block of building and two storey high, no window. This house seems mysterious by the way it has no window and it leaves you wondering right from the very start of the novel what is actually inside that building. One of the strange things that I noticed when reading the novel is the description of the surrounding area when Dr Jekyll is there towards the end of the book, the novel quotes Fine clear January day, wet under foot where the frost had melted.,and the Regents park was full of winter chirrupings and sweet with spring odours. This is obviously not Gothic at all but it seems unusual that this is the only location in the novel, which is non-Gothic. It seems strange that Stevenson has decided to change from Gothic into something completely different, which really has no real connection to the story, itself. Human nature features in a number of areas in the novel. One of them is the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, besides being Gothic this has something to say about human nature as well. When Hyde begins to go mad and he kills Carew, the novel quotes all of a sudden, he broke out in a great flame of anger. Here Stevenson is using the element of madness and the ideas of schizophrenia, which was being researched around the 19th century. Stevenson also uses Darwins theories of evolution to describe Hyde as inhuman, with ape-like fury. Here the message that Stevenson is trying to give about human nature is that humans have the will and the power to kill something and each other. Stevenson also looks at the idea of split personalities; nearly every character has one. Dr Jekyll is the best example because his character is full of good and evil, when he turns into Hyde he is just pure evil. So when Jekyll loses control he changes from himself into Hyde. Stevenson is saying here that evil is more powerful than good in humans and that is why Hyde overpowers Jekyll, because he is pure evil. In the opening chapter of the novel when Hyde is first mentioned when he tramples over that girl .the man trampled calmly over the childs body then Hyde decides to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100, we screwed him up to one hundred pounds. Hyde does this instead of apologising to keep the family quiet. This is another example of human nature where some people including Hyde try to pay their way out of trouble. Overall, I feel what Stevenson is trying to say about human nature is that all humans have vices such as drinking and gambling. The creation of Hyde allows Jekyll to do what he wants, when he wants and hopefully he will not get caught. Jekyll does not want to have his reputation ruined, so that is why he creates Hyde so he can do all these things. Stevenson is saying that humans have pessimistic views so they will act evil to get away with something. In conclusion, I think that this novel is a Gothic horror story, but also does have something to say about human nature. Stevenson does mention human nature in the novel as I have discussed previously, for example the trampling of the girl and the murder of Danvers Carew. Of course, the novel could not have discussed human nature if Stevensons wife, Fanny had not been involved. In Jenni Calders introduction to Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Calder writes Stevenson dreamt the essentials of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. It was initially the Gothic aspect of the story that excited him. Fanny didnt like it, she felt there was more potential for more than just a mere horror story, that it might have something to say about human nature. Overall, the human nature aspect of the novel, makes the story more interesting.

Ridley Scot on Bladerunner and Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Ridley Scot on Bladerunner and Frankenstein Essay Interviewer: Ridley Scot, thank you for taking the time to talk to us about your movie Blade Runner. It is quite an interesting film that raises a lot of issues and certainly makes us as an audience think and question out morality and our values. Ridley Scot: Well any great movie or film should indeed raise awareness to present day issues don’t you think? Interviewer: Indeed they should. And is that what you felt you should do with Bladerunner is raise awareness to the issues that you felt are predominant at the time? In watching Bladerunner I couldn’t help but notice the scope of the issues that you presented to the audience from environmental, personal, and political. The list goes on, so why did you choose to play upon these issues and fears? Ridley Scot: Those are ones that are close to my heart, being raised in a world where I was confronted daily by the fears of others in society in regards to war of nuclear weapons and the effect these would have on the environment and on humanity. I was constantly imagining all of the various scenarios that could arise due to such weapons of mass destruction being used, But also the wonders and fears of space exploration, the search for other life forms and the search for another planet that we as humans could utilise. Well it left me wondering. Why do we need another planet? Is it because of the fear of this one being destroyed due to war or was it just out of greed? Interviewer: So I’m guessing that the reasoning behind the environment in which you chose to stage Bladerunner. The post apocalyptic like environment with dim lighting and long dark shadows being cast, It certainly magnifies the fear of destruction. Not to mention those massive buildings sticking up into the sky and the dirty streets Ridley Scot: ah yes the shadows. The directors and I worked long and hard on creating that feeling of darkness and gloom. I wanted it to feel like the end of the world, and to show the destruction of the environment so what better way to do that than with a dirty city with no trees and little sunshine. Interviewer: In watching that it really becomes evident your fear of the environment being neglected in pursuit of science and greed, much like Mary Shelley, Author of Frankenstein. Many of her issues that she chose to place emphasis on were the battle between nature or science. Do you feel that this may have been partly the reasoning behind your choice in lighting, set and issues raised.. Ridley Scot: In some ways yes. Mary and I do share many of the same ideas and I was inspired by her writing when filming Bladerunner. I guess we both wanted to raise awareness to the issues of our times. I feel the one that we both shared and placed high emphasis on would be science and humanity. Interviewer: The great battle between the two. Do you think it is possible to find a balance between them? Ridley Scot: Whether it is possible or not I’m still not sure but I wanted to point out the dangers in taking one too far and disregarding the other. In Frankenstein the problem is Victors and Walton’s greed and obsession with science, much the same as in my movie. The pursuit of science and technology led to the destruction of the world and the disregard of humans. Interviewer: What do you mean by that? Ridley Scot: The creation of the beings, not quite human yet more human than humans themselves. In the pursuit of science the disregard for humanity, emotions and feelings led to the creation of replicants that were hollow to an extent. They were designed for no purpose other than to serve. Interviewer: Human greed Ridley scot: exactly yet in the pursuit to always reach beyond what has already been accomplished they created Rachel, who had emotions and feelings so human Interviewer: That even Deckard couldn’t tell she wasn’t a replicant. Ridley scot: That was a very important thing to show, how human she was despite being a replicant. What better way to show this than with camera angles? The conventions of film noir that I wanted to utilise here were the close up and zooming of her face in response to questions Deckard asked her and the use of film recording instruments to look into her eyes. We all know eyes are the gateway to the soul. Interviewer: But she is a replicant, they aren’t supposed to be human, contain emotion or have a soul? Ridley scot: Ah you see but I believe a soul does not actually determine humanity, in the end isn’t Rachel more human than many of the humans themselves? Much like the creature in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, only she cannot use film to show this Interviewer: No but thankfully being raised in the romantic era and writing with influence of Romanticism Mary wrote with such expressive language, and her literary influences being included into the creatures own readings was brilliant in creating the human emotions within the creature himself. Ridley scot: I was inspired by her descriptive writing. How she could get so much across without pages and pages of dialogue. I felt that if I could do the same with Bladerunner through cinematic techniques then it would be more efficient in getting my messages across to the audience. That’s why in intense scenes, like that of the Death of Zhora there is no dialogue just raw emotions. Interviewer: The raw emotions are evident. The slow motion camera angles as she smashes through the glass is so powerful the pain on her face is evident as she gets shot and it sends shivers down my spine. Ridley Scot: The slow motion in this scene was very important. If it went to fast then the magnitude of the scene would be lost so we slowed it all down and the dark, sad, melodic music to the scene as well to provoke more feelings out of the audience. We chose to use a lot of glass to reflect the magnitude of various colours. All of this at once adds for a vary disjointed fragile environment Interviewer: again more styles and conventions of film noir Ridley scot: Well those conventions really helped to heighten the emotions within this scene, Interviewer: And the camera cuts between the two of them, watching Deckard’s Determination to kill Zhora and Zhora’s determination to survive. Ridley Scot: It certainly makes you question doesn’t it? After this pursuit of science and the disregard for humanity, nature, and the change in beliefs and values in the creation of these replicants who are not supposed to show emotions or feeling- Such important aspects of humanity. who in this scene ends up showing the most humanity? Interviewer: I guess we all have to take a moment to think and reassess our values now don’t we. Thankyou Ridley for taking the time to speak with us about your inspirations and intentions behind Bladerunner, It has been a pleasure.

A Swot Analysis Of American Airlines Tourism Essay

A Swot Analysis Of American Airlines Tourism Essay INTRODUCTION: American Airlines was the U.S.s largest carrier in 1992. It had a fleet of 622 jet aircraft, flying 2,450 flights daily to 182 locations. It also had innovative technology and programs. They were the first to introduce a computerized airline reservation system called Sabre, Super Saver fares and frequent- flier programs. Despite these innovations, American Airlines and the airline industry as a whole was still not operating as profitably or providing customer satisfaction the way it should in 1992. There were two main reasons. First, the airline industry was suffering from the economic downturns in 1990 and 1991. In 1991 alone, the industrys cumulative losses were $1.87 billion, which exceeded the total amount of profits the industry had ever earned throughout its 60-year history. American Airlines itself reported losses of $77 million in 1990 and $165 million in 1991. In terms of customers flying, the dollar volume of pleasure travel grew only 8% in the 1989-91 period compared to 19 % for 1987-89. The comparable figures for business travel were a 9% increase for 1989-91 in contrast to 28% growth experiences in 1987-89. April 9th, 1992 American Airlines announced that their yields were too low and they were going to bring value back to air travel through a new pricing strategy termed, Value Pricing. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths Market leader: American Airlines is the largest U.S. airline in 1992 with a 19.15 market share in 2001. Strong Innovation Technology: American Airlines created the first and largest Computer Reservation Service, SABRE, which was a valuable resource for yield management and extra profits. It was such an effective technological innovation that in 1992, 92% of domestic reservations were made through Computer Reservation Systems in the United States. Marketing Promotions: American Airlines were the first to create a frequent flier program aimed to increase brand loyalty with business customers in 1981. Distribution: The use of hubs meant replacing non-stop flights with a set of connecting flights, and this benefited both carriers and consumers. Airlines could serve more locations with fewer planes. American Airlines benefited by having six hubs in 1992, two of which are ranked as the largest airports in America: Chicago and Dallas. Market Growth: Between 1981 and 1991, passenger volume grew by almost   80%, the equivalent   of a compound annual growth rate of 6%. There are still opportunity gaps to further increase demand. Strong Brand Image: A survey that generated the ratings of domestic airlines on service quality, American Airlines had the joint highest satisfaction index of 76. This implies that American Airlines has a stronger image of high quality service, relative to competitors. Problems: There are high risks of delays and inbound flight delays of even a few will inevitably delay connecting flights and then affect large portions of the network thereafter. Enormous transaction costs from the extreme complexity of capacity planning, crew roistering, flight scheduling, ground handling and fare structures. High risk of missed connections and lost luggage with connecting flights Opportunity Increase the demand for air travel through reaching more customers and increasing the frequency of travel per customer: There is already a growing percentage of Americans is using air travel. In 1991, 76% of American Adults reported that they had flown at some time in their lives and 32% had flown in the past year. The increase in American air travel can be seen in the table below: Percentage of American adults who have: 1981 1989 1990 1991 ever flown? 65% 78% 74% 76% flown in the last 12 months 24% 34% 31% 32% The table implies that Americans are increasingly adapting to air travel and this means that their is an opportunity for American Airlines to continue their expansion. Price discrimination models: Price discrimination models provide an opportunity for American Airlines to capture the two main customer segments, business and pleasure travelers in the most profitable way. Using price discrimination models provides an increasing opportunity. Percent of American Adults traveling on: 1989 1990 1999 2001 Business 52 51 42 41 Pleasure 47 49 53 57 This provides an opportunity for American Airlines because the two segments have different demand fluctuations and buying characteristics and if American Airlines can capture both markets through different pricing fares then it will increase their yield per customer, smooth out overall demand fluctuations and achieve profit maximization. The differences can be distinguished by demand and buying values. Buying differences: Business travelers are more loyal to one particular airline because they have the ability to build up frequent flier miles. They are less pricing sensitive due to being more time sensitive. On the other hand, leisure travelers are less loyal, more price sensitive and more flexible in terms of time, date etc. Online Reservations: Like low cost airlines and adopt online reservations, which mean less need for travel agents, no paper tickets and convenient booking. American Airlines currently only serves 80 destinations worldwide, compared to 182 locations in the U.S. mainland and Hawaii. Therefore, there is a strong opportunity to focus on increasing long haul, international flights as opposed to short haul flights. Threats: After the deregulation of the airline, industry competition intensified as national and regional airlines grew or merged and became fixated on profit maximization. American Airlines major domestic competitors are United Airlines and Delta Airlines as they both operate with similar scope and service to American. American Airlines main competition from regional airlines includes US Air, America West, Southwest, TWA, Northwest and Continental. US Air serves primarily eastern and southwestern markets. American West and Southwest are discount carriers serving the Southwest and California areas. TWA that offered primarily coast-to-coast service, Northwest that served the Northern tier of the U.S. and Continental that served the southern tier. Furthermore, mergers meant that the combined market share of the four largest airlines rose from 54.2% in 1982 to 64.8% in 1987. Growth of low cost airlines: Low cost airlines are expanding rapidly. Southwest in particular is successfully promoting its bargain fares, low cost and no-frills approach to service and are the seventh largest U.S. carrier, though only operating in 15 states for local, and short haul markets. The low cost airlines are able to charge extremely low discount prices because: Distribution costs are reduced using direct selling through the internet or call centers and having no tickets Pricing segmentation only occurs on two variables: the date of booking and the effective demand of that specific flight so there are less complex fares and less restrictions imposed to increase customer satisfaction The operating expenditure passenger and their operating margin are also significantly higher. American Airlines does not have the ability to compete directly through matching such low prices because they could never achieve such low costs, nor does the brand image of American Airlines compliment this strategy. Airline Industry is vulnerable to price wars: Industries that have extra capacity, high fixed costs, and low differentiation and are price elastic are the most vulnerable to price wars. High Fixed costs and extra capacity are profit-damaging combinations because it means that airlines must have high yields through yield management in order to maintain profitability, which is very complex. Low Differentiation means customers see airline travel as a commodity- like business. In general, they simply want to get from one city to another in the shortest amount of time, at a convenient time that fits their schedule, and at a reasonable price. High Price Elasticity: Due to the combination of the above, airline travel is typically price elastic. Therefore, airline companies are becoming more inclined to lower prices in order to stimulate demand. Sensitive to economic downturns due to high fixed costs structure, for example in 1991 the industrys cumulative losses were $2.67 billion The dominant distribution channel is the travel agent. Therefore, the cooperation of travel agents with the Airline is necessary. Airlines get the agents cooperation through giving them commissions from ticket sales. Key Issues Develop a pricing strategy that will increase the demand of air travel and the long term profitability of the airline industry. Identify and evaluate alternatives by considering competitors reactions, customer impact on yield, costs and long term profitability. 1. Value Pricing The main objective of this pricing strategy was to provide simplicity, equity, and value for air travel, compared to the existing system with a multitude of ever changing fares and discounts. Value Pricing: Segmented Pricing: On any given flight, there would be only four different fares: First Class, Regular Coach, Discount Coach (booked seven days in advance) and Discount Coach (booked twenty-one days in advance). Each fare had different restrictions and offerings. E.g., Discount coach involved Saturday night stay over, advanced purchases (21 days), not refundable but they could be re-issued for another flight and priced 49% below the regular coach fares. New fares will be 38% below the levels of comparable existing fares and will be the same for everyone, meaning no need for special deals. Advertising: American Airlines would spend $20 million on media time and space over two weeks. They anticipated that revenue would increase additionally by $300-350 million annually and cost savings of $25 million per year. Pros  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business travelers will benefit from value pricing. The advantages for business travelers is that, they  no longer need to worry about inflexible restrictions attached to reduced fares, forcing them to pay higher prices. Now they can get the advantage of being able to book at short notice but ensuring that they will still receive the same 38% off full Coach with no restrictions with any time fares. Furthermore, if they can book in advance they can pay even less. Reduced Costs: American Airlines forecasts cost savings of $25 million per year through the reduction in the number of fares offered, as it will reduce its CRS from 500,000 to only 70,000. Secondly, as all flights will be priced based on the distance of the flight path, so the variable costs actually determine the prices, in theory providing higher revenue. Cons Price elasticity: Air travel has quite high price elasticity as a review found that the majority of estimates were between the range of -.8 and -.2, with the elasticity for business travel generally being less than unity, while that for pleasure travel typically exceeding unity. Therefore, leisure travel demand changes with changes in price more than business travel because of a price change. American Airlines, the price sensitive customers will be highly dissatisfied by the new value pricing and they will be encouraged to switch to low cost airlines. American Airlines will no longer benefit from the business travelers that were typically price insensitive but time sensitive and so prepared to pay the higher costs. This will have incremental affects on yield and profitability as the high fixed costs of airlines previously depended upon business travelers to buy higher priced tickets. Competitors Reactions: For air travel demand, which in turn creates the lack of customer brand loyalty to airlines, a 38% reduction in American Airline prices in theory would cause customers to switch to American Airlines. However, American Airlines has failed to consider competitors reactions in their value pricing. Lower their prices to match American Airline prices to guarantee the consumer the lowest fare without committing to a lower price but ultimately keeping their customers and sending the message to American Airlines that they should increase their prices. In turn, this will reduce the profitability of the Airline industry, as airlines will need to keep lowering prices in order to remain competitive, leading to a decrease in profit margins and economic growth. Competitors reactions will ultimately prevent American Airlines from reaching their forecasted revenue for 1992. Promotion problems: The travel agents are less likely to promote this reduced fare platform and the CEO only plans a one-time $20 million advertising effort. High Fixed Costs of Airlines: American Airlines has a high cost structure and as a result, they rely on high-yield and high traffic.   Therefore, it is not feasible and it will be disastrous for them to lower costs in the long term without reducing their fixed costs. They expect market share to increase by an additional one-half of 1% of the total  U.S.  market. They believe that in the second quarter of 1992, revenues could decrease by $100 million, but that revenues will increase by $300- £350 million for the entire year. They assume that the demand for air travel as a method of transportation will increase by 3-4% with the new pricing structure. American Airlines yield and revenue assumptions are flawed because the value pricing is assuming that all present factors in the industry will remain the same but in reality competitors will match prices and travel agents will not be so cooperative. Break Even changes: American Airlines would need to increase their sales dramatically in order to break even, which will be very difficult. Regular Coach 1990 1992 1992 Route: New York- Chicago Old New New (including $20m advertising) Selling Price $854 $500 $500 Total Revenue (assume sell 1000) $854000 $500000 500000% Variable Cost as a percentage of the total costs 3.60% 3.60% 3.60% Variable Costs per person $40 $40 $40 Total Variable Costs $40000 $40000 $40000 Unit Contribution= selling price- variable cost $814 $460 $460 Fixed Costs   as a percentage of the total costs 96.40% 96.40%   96.4% +    £20m Fixed Costs ( 96.4/3.6=26.77740000= 1071111.111) 1071111.111 1071111.111 21071111.11 Break Even=   fixed cost/ unit contribution 1315.861316 $2328.502415 45806.76328 Break Even sales change 1012.641099 44490.90196 Break Even Point % sales change 176% 3481%   Pros Product Differentiation will be valued: On long haul flights added frills are valued because passengers are on the plane for longer so they will require more services in order to feel comfortable. There are a range of services and products that American Airlines has the opportunity to offer customers to differentiate their fare prices.. Reduce the risk of a price war. Through concentrating on long haul flights and maintaining low but profitable prices, competitors will be less likely to reduce their costs because American Airlines is the market leader and every competitor wants to have profit maximization. Furthermore, it will increase the long-term profitability of the industry as demand and profitability will increase. Increase customer brand loyalty: American Airlines are differentiating their products from competitors and if these differences are valued then customers will be encouraged to be loyal to American Airlines, as they will receive the extra benefits from the products on top of their frequent flier program. Opportunity gap in the market: Expanding into new markets will increase their customer base and market share as long haul flights e.g. 15-18 hour will become more and more popular through increasing international business communications. It is impossible for American Airlines to match the leading low cost airline fares while at the same time operating at a profit due to their higher cost per seat mile. The current brand is image of a high quality service airline. Simplifies pricing without the need to price too low and curbs demand, so customers will be willing to pay more and also they will better maximize flight capacity through curbing demand and so they will not suffer from opportunity costs found in value pricing. Cons Increasing the number of services will increase their variable costs per customer. Fixed costs will rise dramatically from initial expansion. Risk of International Business Problems: As American Airlines expand they must ensure that they maintain good communication or else their costs could increase Foreign markets will bring more challenges when facing new competitors Currency differences American Airlines does not react to the growing number of low cost airlines by matching their low prices then they will expand further, increase their market share within America with price sensitive customers and decrease American Airlines competitive advantage. This could reduce the profitability of the U.S. air travel industry in the long term. Require heavy investment, funding, planning and advertising in order to implement and communicate the difference of services between flight fares to customers and get customers to value these differences. Recommendation:   Recommended that Value Pricing be adjusted and combined with alternative three, to focus on long haul flights and segmented pricing through service differentiation as despite Value Pricing being a very innovative pricing strategy it has many shortcomings. The value pricing must be embedded in a broader and consistent marketing strategy. The value pricing aim to simplify fares through offering four fare structures should be implemented as this will reduce CRS costs and increase customer understanding of fare prices. However, the restrictions imposed should be reduced on the discount fares, otherwise customers will go to low cost airlines. Instead, it is recommended that fences be built between the different fares to prevent customers from switching from higher fares to discount fares through service differentiation, not just the transportation and a few marginal restrictions. Furthermore, American Airlines should focus on long haul flights as opposed to short-medium haul flights within America because it is within these flights that service differentiation is highly valued. In addition, if American Airlines can expand into more markets it will increase their market share and long-term profitability. This will also prevent the erosion of profitability in the airline industry because it will prevent a price war.

Moving Between Different Cultures in Poetry Essay -- Half Caste Search

Moving Between Different Cultures in Poetry For my essay I will be looking at two poems which deal with the experience of moving between different cultures, these are Half-Caste and Search for My Tongue. These poems are written from experience. John Agard the author of Half-Caste was born in Gugana and moved to Britain in 1977. He is half-caste himself and his poem expresses his feelings about the term half-caste. Sujata Bhatt the authoress of Search for My Tongue was born in India in 1956, her family moved to the United States of America in the 1960's and she now lives in Germany. In her poem Search for My Tongue she explains how she feels about having two different languages her birth language, Gujerati and her second language, German. Half-Caste and Search for My Tongue, create very vivid images, which makes it easier for the reader to interpret and understand both the poems and the authors' opinion on the different cultures. Half- Caste creates many images, by using descriptive language and humour. It creates such images as a man, 'standing on leg' and having 'half mih ear' because he is only half-caste so he only has half what a normal person would have but it also creates images about objects 'mix a red an green is a half-caste canvas' and even music 'mix a black key wid a white key is a half-caste symphony'. This helps the reader to understand how the author is feeling about the term half-caste, and can also come to a conclusion about the term themselves. All the imagery in this poem makes the reader think about how anybody who has ever been called half-caste feels. Search for My Tongue creates a very vivid image using very descriptive metaphors, 'it grows back, a stump of a shoot, grows ... ...age which creates vivid images for the reader. Using gujerati in the middle of the poems shows that her mother tongue, her birth language, is still strong and at times, even stronger then her second language. In conclusion both of these poems deal with the issues faced when moving between different cultures in their own ways. They both use language and imagery to express their messages Half- Caste explores the way that we use the term 'half-caste' in our vocabulary and exaggerates it. This is to a great effect as it makes the reader think more about racial issues and the way that we treat people from different cultures. Search for my Tongue deals with moving between different cultures by actually writing about the language barriers and losing your identity. This is how we can link the poems together and show how people move between different cultures.

German Peoples Support of Hitler :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

German People's Support of Hitler When you mention the name of former fuhrer of Germany Adolf Hitler, you usually are met with a reaction of disgust and terror. Memories of the holocaust and other nightmares of World War Two are brought to light and you wonder : " How could that have happened?" Well, that question cannot be answered in a few words, rather there is a complex list of ideas as to why this was allowed to happen and why people supported Hitler in the first place. The main reason is that Germany, at that point in time, needed change, and Adolf Hitler was symbolic of that needed change. Germany after World War One was a far cry from the prosperous empire that it had been before the war. The Treaty of Versailles proved to be damaging to Germany. Because of the treaty, Germany lost a lot of land and people. The agreement also required that Germany disarm herself. The new requirements were :" Germany was to have no large artillery, submarines, or military air force, and no more than 100,000 men under arms..." ( Chambers 895). Not only did these demand unemploy many men who made there living in the military, the laborers who produced goods to support this arsenal were also out of work. Six million Germans were unemployed at this time .The economy suffered more so because of heavy reparations demanded of Germany by the allies. " Germany was made liable for sums unspecified and without forseeable end and forced to accept 'responsibility' for losses from a war ' imposed ... by the aggression of Germany and her allies'" (Chambers 896). Hitler and his government made a quick solution to this situation by simply printing more paper currency, for the time being, it seemed that Hitler had made a step in bringing Germany out of the depression ( this was not to last long ). Adolf Hitler was a charismatic man, and a powerful speaker. His career as a public speaker began when he joined the German Workers' Party. It was said that he spoke with " ... a highly emotional, at times near hysterical manner...". And when Hitler spoke, people listened. In fact, after his first speech at the German Workers' Party meeting, Hitler became the star attraction, and the reason that many people attended these meetings.

Computer Assisted Language Learning

Introduction Computers can be tremendously useful tools for English language instruction. They process data quickly and integrate voice, music, videos, pictures and text into lessons. They can be programmed to tailor instruction and test for each individual learner. They can even used to make students feel more comfortable and willing to take risks, because of their â€Å"untiring, unjudgmental nature† (Butler-Pascoe 1997:20). While there are many potential benefits to be derived from these â€Å"machines†, the issue now is not whether but how computers should be used for language instruction. Regardless of the speculated disadvantages of using computers for language instruction, advance by some individual or groups, computers and CALL materials are already being used for English language instruction and will continue to be used. It can be used as a modern approach towards language teaching and learning in which the computer is utilized as an aid to the presentation, and as reinforcement and assessment of material to be learned by usually including substantial interactive materials. Over the years with the emergence of the World Wide Web or the Internet, CALL widened its scope. It has become communicative, interactive and explorative such that audio and video exercises or activities can easily be integrated. The role of language teaching has grown as years have gone by. As observed, interactivity in learning becomes â€Å"a necessary and fundamental mechanism for knowledge acquisition and the development of both cognitive and physical skills† (Barker, 1994:1). Today, computer technology can help advocate the communicative approach to learning because it, too, is concerned with the interaction between the teacher and the learner, and the students’ learning needs and learning styles. Due to the significant changes in second language teaching and learning (e. g. the role of the teacher, the role of the learner, the role of multimedia, and the way the learning process is conducted in the classroom settings), interaction has become an increasingly important and relevant area of study in the field of second language acquisition since it reflects what goes on in learning and teaching processes. Communication is intrinsic to success, effective instructional practice as well as individual discovery. The implementation of interactivity can be perceived as an art (Sims 1997) because it requires a comprehensive range of skills, including an understanding of the learner, an appreciation of software application capabilities, the importance of rigorous instructional design and the application of appropriate learning materials. The value of the multimedia and the Internet in the enhancement of interaction for language learning can not be disregarded. Warschauer, M. , & Healy, D. 1998) stated that the type of software and the task teachers set for the students have a large effect on the type and quality of students interaction with each other when working in pairs or small groups. With the continuing development of technological advances in the areas of communication and multimedia, the challenge for English (foreign language) classrooms goes far beyond current knowledge about the effective use of technology. The CALL is a milestone as far as language teaching is concerned. And with that realization in mind, this study, â€Å"Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL): Interactive Teaching in English Using Different Websites in San Pablo Elementary School is presented. Statement of the Problem The general objective of this study is to help improve the English capability and competency of the students in Grade I of San Pablo Elementary School making it interactive and communicative using the Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) materials imparted through the use of Different English Websites. Specifically, it tried to answer the following questions: 1. How will the CALL technology provide interactive English comprehension, vocabulary, and writing exercises? 2. How will the CALL create interaction among the student and teacher? 3. How will the lessons be made interactive and communicative? 4. Will this approach be found satisfactory through test result? And 5. Will this approach be found satisfactory by its users? Significance of the Study English learning has become the most important task for students. At very young age parents send their children to private training or classes to enhance their English learning and to provide their children a strong foundation in English. However, there are still some problems and dilemmas for students in language learning. Most students still could not have effective communication after years of English language learning. Some students have difficulty in their expression in an English presentation, although they have higher scores in English tests. Computer has been considered as an important learning tool in the modern second language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has provided amazing opportunities for improving second language learning such as it can motivate students’ interesting or improve learners’ varied linguistic skills (AbuSeileek 2007). Nowadays, San Pablo Elementary has 6 computers (2 are originally school property, 4 are personal property of the teachers) placed in a laboratory room equipped with new hardware and software but it’s not fully explored and utilized in English language teaching. The study is important due to the following reasons: 1. To help improve the English capability and competency of the students in Grade I of San Pablo Elementary School. 2. To help students learn to interpret new information and experiences on their own terms. 3. With the use of CALL more shy students can feel free in their own students'-centered environment. This will raise their self-esteem and their knowledge will be improving. 4. Through the use of different English Educational Websites students will perform collaborative project where in they will do their best to perform it within set time limits. 5. To make the class more interesting and to increase students’ interest and motivation. 6. To provide information’s regarding Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). METHODOLOGY There are various concerns considered in this action research. There is no simple finite number of these concerns, nor is there a simple dichotomy between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Indeed, there is an off-cited division in the second language acquisition (SLA) field between those researchers who favor qualitative methodologies and those who prefer quantitative ones. Research Design: This study is an action research. This study was conducted for the purpose of solving a problem or obtaining information in order to solve some kind of day to day immediate concern such as how to figure out ways to use technology to improve the teaching of grammar in the classroom. To dealt with are the needs and concerns of the students. Data concerning the problem (both qualitative and quantitative) were collected and interpreted. Qualitative- the data collected include a pre-survey and a post-survey. Quantitative- a test (post-test) administered. Research Procedure: The Profile of the students’ background, experience and future needs are obtained. The purpose of the needs analysis was to find out whether they agree or disagree on the use of the CALL technology in language learning and to find out their familiarity with the CALL materials and the Internet in teaching the English language. The following are stages conducted in this study: Stage 1: Survey by Interview To help determine the age, gender, needs and experience of the students using a computer, a structured interview were prepared and administered. Stage 2: Utilization of the Different English Websites in the Classroom The primary audience for the websites are the Grade I students of San Pablo Elementary school with a particular teacher, the audience used worldwide ESL sites exist which are designed for a certain English language level. It is important to consider a site’s purpose, since meaningful comparisons of evaluations can be made among sites with the same or at least similar intended goals, uses and audiences. In this study English websites can be directly used by the Grade I students of San Pablo Elementary School. Stage 3: The Post Test To help determine the progress of the students in San Pablo Elementary School after taking the lesson using CALL materials. Stage 4: The Post Survey Administered and answered by the students after the â€Å"test-run†. Research Setting and Participants This action research was conducted at San Pablo Elementary located at Block. 14 San Pablo, Tarlac City. The school is categorized as a complete, non-central school, mono-grade having 2 sections each grade level. Computer laboratory provided by the teachers in the school was used. This study used 35 students in Grade I section Daisy. The section is heterogeneous. The data collected for this study will come from the observations and tests taken by the students. An in depth analysis of the collected data was carried out. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA A survey interview has been developed in participants’ home language for the purpose of collecting background information. Based on the pre-survey interview, the researcher collected this data. Table 1: Students Profile No. NameAgeGenderComputer at HomeWith / without Experience in computer 1Banag, Jonie D. 7MNoneWithout 2Bermudo, Mark Anthony D. C. 6M1With 3Boehn, Adrian M. 6M1With 4Butchayo, John Carlo G. 7MNoneWithout 5Fallorina, Jerry M. 8MNoneWithout 6Gaupo, Gerald7MNoneWithout 7Lacanlale, Christian G. 7MNoneWithout 8Luna, Alexander N. 6MNoneWithout 9Manalili, John Lloyd C. 6M1With 10Maninang, Emer6MNoneWithout 11Manlapas,Randy A. 6MNoneWithout 12Martinez, Clive Xavier M. 5MNoneWithout 13Morales, Aiveen Nash M. 6MNoneWithout 14Pilariza, Hans Russell L. 7M1With 15Puno, Jerome M. 6MNoneWithout 16Roldan, Rainier T. 6MNoneWithout 7Tolentino, John Michael E. 7M1With 18Uring, Justine H. 6MNoneWithout 19Bautista, Marichell D. C. 6FNoneWith 20Botio, Renalyn M. 7F1With 21Casem, Allyana N. 6F6With 22Castaneda, Rey-ann 7FNoneWithout 23Dizon, Clarisse Joy R. 6F1With 24Lacanlale, Clarissa G. 6FNoneWith 25Manlapas, Adrian Mae 6FNoneWithout 25Nucup, Lyka M. 6FNoneWithout 27Obenario, Angelina D. C. 6FNoneWithout 28 Padua, Maricar 7FNoneWithout 29Panag, Maiel T. 6F1With 30Pangan, Cristina C. 7FNoneWithout 31Pangilinan, Gloria8FNoneWithout 32Quintos, Jennalyn Y. 6FNoneWithout 33Sabat, Maadrian E. 6FNoneWithout 34Sagadraca, Angelika Joy M. 6 FNoneWithout 35Salas, Jomae V. FNoneWithout There were 35 participants that took part in study. The table shows that the students consist of 19 male and 16 female. One of them is 5 years old, 21 are 6 years old, 11 are 7 years old, and 2 are 8 years old. Out of 35 students, only 6 have their own computer at home and 10 have experience in operating a computer. The second quarter test result serves as point of reference in this study. The test is composed of 30 items consisting questions about listening skills, vocabulary, grammar, reading and comprehension. The table below shows the scores of the students and the calculated mean. Table 2: Second Quarter Test Result No. NameScore 1Banag, Jonie D. 15 2Bermudo, Mark Anthony D. C. 12 3Boehn, Adrian M. 16 4Butchayo, John Carlo G. 20 5Fallorina, Jerry M. 17 6Gaupo, Gerald15 7Lacanlale, Christian G. 16 8Luna, Alexander N. 12 9Manalili, John Lloyd C. 17 10Maninang, Emer13 11Manlapas,Randy A. 18 12Martinez, Clive Xavier M. 18 13Morales, Aiveen Nash M. 19 14Pilariza, Hans Russell L. 19 15Puno, Jerome M. 22 16Roldan, Rainier T. 14 17Tolentino, John Michael E. 22 18Uring, Justine H. 18 19Bautista, Marichell D. C. 14 20Botio, Renalyn M. 21 21Casem, Allyana N. 20 22Castaneda, Rey-ann 12 23Dizon, Clarisse Joy R. 14 24Lacanlale, Clarissa G. 21 5Manlapas, Adrian Mae 24 25Nucup, Lyka M. 16 27Obenario, Angelina D. C. 23 28Padua, Maricar 16 29Panag, Maiel T. 21 30Pangan, Cristina C. 15 31Pangilinan, Gloria12 32Quintos, Jennalyn Y. 22 33Sabat, Maadrian E. 16 34Sagadraca, Angelika Joy M. 18 35Salas, Jomae V. 14 Formula of Mean: The mean may often be confused with the median, mode or range. The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of values, or distribution; however, for skewed distributions, the mean is not necessarily the same as the middle value (median), or the most likely (mode). The arithmetic mean is the â€Å"standard† average, often simply called the â€Å"mean†. Total scores602 . Mean= Number of cases M= 35 Mean= 17. 2 November 3, 2010 marks the first day for Third Quarter period and ended January 20, 2011. In this period of time the Grade I students of San Pablo Elementary School had undergone the said study. The children were exposed to different English websites that cater different reading, speaking, listening, grammar, and vocabulary exercises. The teacher serves as the moderator that helps and guides the students on operating the computers and explaining further instructions and directions. The researcher focuses on three English websites and these are the following: 1. Agenda Web – Hundreds of Free English Exercises (http://www. agendaweb. org/) 2. English Interactive – (http://www. englishinteractive. net) 3. Calluni. net – (http://www. calluni. net) The said websites have different activities that are suitable for primary grade level taking up English lessons. CALL Programs designed for teaching grammar include drill and practice on a single topic (Irregular Verbs, Definite and Indefinite Articles), drills on a variety of topics (Advanced Grammar Series, English Grammar Computerized I and II), games (Code Breaker, Jr. High Grade Builder), and different programs which are specifically designed to promote second-language listening (Listen! ), multimedia programs for second language learners (Accelerated English, Rosetta Stone), and multimedia programs for children or the general public (Aesop's Fables, The Animals). Pronunciation programs (Sounds American, Conversations) generally allow students to record and playback their own voice and compare it to a model. Several comprehensive multimedia programs (Firsthand Access, The Lost Secret) include similar features. Reading programs designed for ESL (English Second Language learners and tutorials designed for children or the general public (MacReader, Reading Critically, Steps to Comprehension). and games (HangWord). Also included are more general educational programs which can assist reading (Navajo Vacation, The Night Before Christmas) Text reconstruction programs allow students to manipulate letters, words, sentences, or paragraphs in order to put texts together. They are usually inexpensive and can be used to support reading, writing, or discussion activities. Popular examples include Eclipse, Gapmaster, Super Cloze, Text Tanglers, and Double Up. Vocabulary activities includes drill and practice programs (Synonyms), multimedia tutorials (English Vocabulary), and games (Hangman, Scrabble). Teacher and learner roles The distinct roles in the laboratory are compared and differentiated from the roles assumed in the traditional classroom. The researcher noticed a big difference between a traditional classroom setting and a laboratory setting using the CALL technology. Various factors influenced the way students and the teacher interacts. The teacher and the computers interact and interpret their roles in the laboratory. Warschauer, 1998 says that when multimedia is used the role of the teacher as authority source and expert changes. Hence, the teacher does not dominate the floor and does not do most of the talking. Besides, he or she does not direct and redirect the development of the topic, pose display questions, nominate students as next speakers, or evaluate individual student's contributions, all of which is the norm in traditional teacher-fronted EFL (English Foreign Language) classrooms. There are several aspects that determine the role of the students in the laboratory setting. The researcher noted that the setting, the tools (the computers), the personality of the students, and the way in which the teacher establishes the teaching learning activities as well as the way that he or she interacts with them plays an important role in the laboratory classroom setting. These aspects are interrelated each other and in the next section they are expanded. In the traditional classroom students are more willing to pay attention to the teacher lecture. In contrast, at the laboratory, according with Huang 2000 the student-teacher communication seemed to be blocked to some extent by the layout of the computer lab. Physically, the computer laboratory is larger than the traditional classroom. The physical distance enlarged the psychological distance. It has the tendency that the two-way communication between the teacher and the students turned to be the one-way teacher to student communication. During the development if this research and from time to time the researcher ncouraged her students to interact with each other. She constantly asks herself the way to combine more interaction into the laboratory learning activities more often than she does. To enrich the interaction, she tried and determined what strategies will work and how to do it. Therefore, using the instructional guides that she has designed, she made suggestions and she frequently encouraged her students to employ new strategies to promote multiple-level interaction in t he lab. She has moved toward interaction taking place between the learner and the content, the learner and the instructor, and between learners. Traditional classroom roles are considerably changed. There are two main types of roles that appear at the lab. On the one hand, by the nature of the setting there are a number of roles which emerge and come into sight. On the other hand there are also a number of roles that learners begin to have. In the computerized classroom there are some roles that emerge which are very different from the traditional classroom. For instance, high interactive computer programs have the power to catch student attentions; sometimes, this power that multimedia technology induces over learners is so high till the point that at times students got so concentrated in the computer proposed activities that they ignore the teacher’s instructions. The role of the teacher changes from source of knowledge to instigator, promoter, coach, helper, model, and guide of knowledge construction. It is not easy to change the teacher traditional role of simply showing students how to do things and providing then with the answers they seek. It would be much better to require students to engage in activities that make them be critical thinkers using computers as a learner partner. After three months of the intervention using the Computer Assisted Language Learning Technology the children took up their Third Quarter Test that serves as the Post Test for this study and employed post survey interview which was intended to collect data on participants’ attitudes toward learning English with CALL technology, and their perception of CALL technology. The table below shows the result of the Third Quarter Test taken up by the students in Grade I students together with the previous scores taken on the First Quarter Test. Table 3: Test result From First to Second Quarter No. NameScores Second QuarterThird Quarter 1Banag, Jonie D. 1520 2Bermudo, Mark Anthony D. C. 1221 3Boehn, Adrian M. 1628 4Butchayo, John Carlo G. 2023 5Fallorina, Jerry M. 1722 6Gaupo, Gerald1525 7Lacanlale, Christian G. 1627 8Luna, Alexander N. 1225 9Manalili, John Lloyd C. 1726 10Maninang, Emer1326 11Manlapas,Randy A. 1827 12Martinez, Clive Xavier M. 825 13Morales, Aiveen Nash M. 1924 14Pilariza, Hans Russell L. 1923 15Puno, Jerome M. 2220 16Roldan, Rainier T. 1419 17Tolentino, John Michael E. 2226 18Uring, Justine H. 1825 19Bautista, Marichell D. C. 1422 20Botio, Renalyn M. 2129 21Casem, Allyana N. 2030 22Castaneda, Rey-ann 1221 23Dizon, Clarisse Joy R. 1419 24Lacanlale, Clarissa G. 2118 25Manlapas, Adrian Mae 2430 25Nucup, Lyka M. 1627 27Obenario, Angelina D. C. 2329 28Padua, Maricar 1620 29Panag, Maiel T. 2126 30Pangan, Cristina C. 1521 31Pangilinan, Gloria1218 32Quintos, Jennalyn Y. 2221 33Sabat, Maadrian E. 1618 4Sagadraca, Angelika Joy M. 1819 35Salas, Jomae V. 1424 The above table shows the satisfying result of the Third Quarter Test. Table 4: Test Result (Second – Third Quarter) Quarter TestNumber of Cases Number of ItemsHighest ScoreLowest ScoreTotal Number of scoresMean Second3530221260217. 2 Third3530301882423. 54 The table number four shows the big difference between the scores of First to Second Quarter Test. After conducting the test run students were asked if they find the program satisfying. 33 of the students answered â€Å"yes† and still hoping for some more lessons using CALL technology. of the students answered â€Å"no† because for them CALL is a much complicated way in studying the English subject. Summary of Findings Based on the data gathered in this research CALL technology in the classroom provi ded a context in which opportunities for English development are enhanced, since students are motivated to extend their efforts and resources in order to meet the demands of real communication in a social context. It also entails meaningful use of the target language and demands teachers and students to treat language as a medium of communication. The second quarter result shows a great improvement compared to the result taken last quarter. The program works best with individual users, but pair work would also be possible. Use in the classroom situation would be dependent upon the availability of computers. CALL technology proved an effective tool for language learning and teaching. Although Internet is more affordable and available today than ever before, unfortunately and despite the incredible advances and advantages, not very many English as a foreign language students and teachers benefit from its potential. Computers have a eaningful application in the area of foreign language teaching and learning. The incorporation of CALL into the curriculum and language programs is important but there is a need to integrate it into the course goals, based on research practices. In addition, this may provide opportunities for authentic language practice. Almost all the student who undergone the program find the program very satisfying and keep on asking for more lessons with the same strategy of teaching. Conclusion: Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) for Teaching English to Young Learners (TEYL). The computer is a child's wonderland. The use of CALL software such as Windows Messenger, E-mail, the Internet, and other specific and non specific software can be integrated using effective pedagogy to create a powerful language learning program. Computer Technology offers a certain degree of independent and structured learning. It easily assists and even stimulates young second language learners in all four skills of listening, speaking, writing, reading and also critical thinking (Cobb & Stevens, 1996). Technology has the potential to play a major role in English or foreign language learning and instruction. The history of CALL suggests that the computer can serve a variety of uses for language teaching. It can be a tutor which offers language drills or skill practice; a stimulus for discussion and interaction; or a tool for writing and research. With the advent of the Internet, it can also be a medium of global communication and a source of limitless authentic materials. But as pointed out by Garrett (1991), â€Å"the use of the computer does not constitute a method†. Rather, it is a â€Å"medium in which a variety of methods, approaches, and pedagogical philosophies may be implemented† (p. 5). The effectiveness of CALL cannot reside in the medium itself but only in how it is put to use. Recommendation: In the contemporary educational environments, it is a pity, that there are some schools that despite the fact of having a computer room which is privilege, there is not a full possible exploitation of that source of knowledge. Many people and some teachers feel uncomfortabl e with technology even there are times when they get scare of it; in that case, the best way to overcome this fear is facing it by solving as many computer exercises as possible. An important implication of this study is to foster the use of computer assisted learning without neglecting the mystery that covers up the uses of new technologies. Teachers especially from government owned schools should have opportunities such as trainings and seminars about the use of computer and how it would be used in teaching Teacher’s computer literacy is important. A feeling of satisfaction is received and accomplished when teachers and students discover that computer provides another way to acquire knowledge. It enhances motivation and promotes interaction. In traditional classrooms, interaction has been limited because of minimal physical possibilities or because of teachers’ lack of training in using technology.. Working with computers is a joint of motivational elements that makes the students’ participation more free and spontaneous. It is frequent that students bring English music compact discs to the laboratory. Those elements also promote interaction and new roles for both students and teachers. Therefore, students have more responsibility, risk taking, interaction and self-evaluation criteria towards the autonomous learning. The teacher should take individual differences in preferences, and ability into account. For example, interactivity is limited when there is only one way of navigating the internet, and the materials are presented in a rigid manner. There are more ways of navigating the internet and many different possible topics to explore. Students can select different activities to read and study. Different aspects of every day life and people work are listed to account for individual differences in ability, and preferences. The Department of Education should help in improving the computer laboratories of each government school and for those who has no computer at all. They should also consider applying an Internet connection for each school that can not only be used in teaching but also in easy communication of the school to the main office or division. It can also serve as an easy way of submitting reports and help decrease the paper works for the teachers and principals. Teachers should also take a rigid guidance on the students on how they will use the computer and the internet in searching for knowledge. Students should always be properly guided while surfing the internet for them to be protected about the negative influences of the internet. Bibliography: †¢ ^ a b Levy M. (1997) CALL: context and conceptualisation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. †¢ ^ a b Schmid Euline Cutrim (2009) Interactive whiteboard technology in the language classroom: exploring new pedagogical opportunities, Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller. †¢ ^ a b Lamy M. -N. & Hampel R. (2007) Online communication in language learning and teaching, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. †¢ ^ Shield L. & Kukulska-Hulme A. (eds. (2008) Special edition of ReCALL (20, 3) on Mobile Assisted Language Learning. †¢ ^ Davies G. & Higgins J. (1982) Computers, language and language learning, London: CILT. †¢ ^ Bush M. & Terry R. (1997) (eds. ) Technology-enhanced language learning, Lincolnwood, Illinois: National Textbook Company. †¢ ^ a b c Davies G. , Walker R. , Rendall H. & Hewer S. (2011 ) Introduction to Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Module 1. 4 in Davies G. (ed. ) Information and Communications Technology for Language Teachers (ICT4LT), Slough, Thames Valley University [Online]: http://www. ict4lt. org/en/en_mod1-4. htm †¢ ^ Levy M. & Hubbard P. 2005) Why call CALL â€Å"CALL†? Computer Assisted Language Learning 18, 3: 143-149. †¢ ^ Marty F. (1981) â€Å"Reflections on the use of computers in second language acquisition†, System 9, 2: 85-98. †¢ ^ Sanders R. (ed. ) (1995) Thirty years of computer-assisted language instruction, Festschrift for John R. Russell, CALICO Journal Special Issue, 12, 4. †¢ ^ Delcloque P. (2000) History of CALL [Online]: http://www. ict4lt. org/en/History_of_CALL. pdf †¢ ^ Davies G. (2005) Computer Assisted Language Learning: Where are we now and where are we going? 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(ed. ) Multimedia language teaching, Tokyo: Logos International [Online]: http://www. ict4lt. org/en/warschauer. htm †¢ ^ Warschauer M. & Healey D. (1998) â€Å"Computers and language learning: an overview†, Language Teaching 31: 57-71. †¢ ^ Underwood J. (1984) Linguistics, computers and the language teacher: a communicative approach, Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House. ^ Schneider E. W. & Bennion J. L. (1984) â€Å"Veni, vidi, vici, via videodisc: a simulator for instructional courseware†. In Wyatt D. H. (ed. ) Computer-assisted language instruction, Oxford: Pergamon. †¢ ^ Fuerstenberg G. (1993) A la rencontre de Philippe: Videodisc, Software, Teacher's Manual and Student Activities Workbook: Yale University Press [Online]: http://web. mit. edu/fll/www/projects/Philippe. html †¢ ^ Warschauer M. (2000) ‘†CALL for the 21st Century†, IATEFL and ESADE Conference, 2 July 2000, Barcelona, Spain. †¢ ^ Bax S. (2003) â€Å"CALL – past, present and future†, System 31, 1: 13-28. †¢ ^ Bax S. Chambers A. (2006) â€Å"Making CALL work: towards normalisation†, System 34, 4: 465-479. †¢ ^ Bax S. (2011) â€Å"Normalisation revisited: the effective use of technology in language education†, International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching (IJCALLT) 1, 2: 1-15: http://www. igi-global. com/ijcallt †¢ ^ Mounteney M. Spaced repetition learning systems (SRS): http://www. omniglot. com/language/srs. php. Accessed 14 July 2011. †¢ ^ Decoo W. (2001) On the mortality of language learning methods. Paper given as the James L. Barker lecture on 8 November 2001 at Brigham Young University [Online]: