Waiting For Wings Hospital Policy For Hand And Fingernail...

Waiting for Wings Hospital Policy for Hand and Fingernail Hygiene Guidelines Purpose: This Waiting for Wings Hospital (WFWH) policy provides evidence-based principles and practices necessary for persons to accomplish proper hand and fingernail hygiene. This policy follows guidelines set forth by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in an attempt to reduce healthcare-associated infection (HAI) that are spreads to patients, staff, and others. Scope: This policy applies to and must be adhered by all employees of WFWH including allied health professionals, students, credentialed specialists, and contractors. Patients, family members, and visitors will be encouraged to follow these guidelines. Educational material will be provided in an attempt to improve understanding of the importance of good hand and nail hygiene for the prevention of healthcare-associated infection. Background: Generations of people have considered handwashing a measure of personal hygiene. In 1847, Dr. Semmelweis insisted that healthcare providers wash their hands with disinfecting agents between patients. This early hand hygiene practice resulted in a decrease in mortality rates among hospital patients (CDC, 2002). The CDC’s Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee published the Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings in 2002 that is based on hand hygiene foundations developed in generation past. In 2014, this guideline is still available online and used as a reference

Analysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter Essay

Women or Men, is there really a double standard? The inequality between men and women was even more prominent and obvious during the antebellum era. In The Scarlet Letter By Nathanial Hawthorne there was Hester Prynne and in The Two Offers By Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, there was Janette Alston. Both of these women, rose above the rest, through adversity, hardship, and against all odds still came out on top, even during a time period that didn’t appreciate a strong woman. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, Hester Prynne, was thrown in jail and forced to wear a symbol of her sin and lived on the outskirts of society for most of her life after, but even through all that she did not break or run away she became stronger and it became a part of her identity. In The Two Offers, Janette Alston is not necessarily the main focus of the story but was a wonderful symbol during that time period. She becomes very famous for her spirit, where as her sister does the opposite and gets ma rried and tries to have children but passes away and instead of Janette, breaking down because of this, she becomes stronger in the face of adversity and inevitably becomes an Old Maid. These are just a few of the many examples of what our characters go through and how harshly our society judge’s women versus men, it is as if they are held to higher standards, and Hawthorne and Harper create a vivid picture of what many women experienced during the beginning of the 19th century. During the 19th century women wereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 2314 Words   |  10 PagesKatya Flaska American Literature Period 5 10 August 2014 The Scarlet Letter Book Analysis 1. The book is The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn. The genre of the novel is historical fiction. 2. The preamble describes how the book came to be written. The narrator was a surveyor of the customhouse in Salem, where he discovered documents he used to write the story. He uncovered a manuscript with a scarlet â€Å"A†, which contained the events recorded by a previous surveyor in the 1600s. When the narratorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1120 Words   |  5 Pages From the very first chapter, the Scarlet Letter guides readers on a journey that explores the darkness of the human heart and redemption from sin. It is in the Massachusetts Bay Colony that we introduced to a trio of characters interconnected by their sins: an adulteress, a minister and a physician. The adulteress is a woman named Hester Prynne who, as punishment for her transgressions, must wear a scarlet A on chest and is shunned by her community. Yet, Hester s eventual acceptance of herRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1141 Words   |  5 PagesBlake Allison P#1 AP NOVEL FORM 1. Title: The Scarlet Letter 2. Author and date of first publication: Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1850 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. Hester Prynne- Hester Prynne, the protagonist and wearer of the scarlet letter, is a very independent, loving, intelligent, and at times depressed woman who is the mother of Pearl. b. Arthur Dimmesdale- Arthur Dimmesdale, the father of Pearl, is a reverend in town who is greatly honored forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1563 Words   |  7 PagesReading The Scarlet Letter again, I imagine Hester Prynne as she steps out of the Boston jail. She carries her out-of-wedlock baby in her arms but does not hide the A she wears on her breast. Her crime, though it will never be named in the book by more than an initial, is placed on exhibition. Yet she has converted the letter into her own statement by fantastic flourishes of gold embroidery. She is a mystery beyond the reach not only of her fellow Bostonians but also of the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe book, The Scarlet Letter, is about the struggle three people face while trying to live their lives and find happiness. In the early 1640s, Hester has come to the small town of Boston, Massachusetts, while her husband, Chillingworth, w as back in Great Britain. Hester and Arthur Dimmesdale, the town s priest, engage in the act of adultery and have a baby girl named Pearl, though only Hester knows that Dimmesdale is the father. She has promised Dimmesdale not to give up his identity. HesterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1404 Words   |  6 Pageswhere the scarlet letter, A, is an extended metaphor that symbolizes a multitude of things: adultery, sin, charity, righteousness, grace, and the danger of merely thinking symbolically. It also compares and contrasts the current states of Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Arthur Chillingworth. With this, it has a logical progression to the book’s ultimate conclusion. This section can be done in a bulleted format with brief (2-3 sentences) summaries by chapter if that works for the book. Chapter 1:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1143 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book,The Scarlet Letter, there are many questions that grab the reader’s attention. One of the most intriguing and thought ­provoking question is, â€Å"Is Hester Prynne a good mother and should she be allowed to keep Pearl?† This question does not have a simple yes or no answer, the reader must take into account many things the author mentions in the book. However, after careful consideration, one might find that Hester is not, in fact, a good mother, but should be allowed to keep Pearl. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1184 Words   |  5 PagesAs I began my summer reading assignment I wasn’t too amused at the beginning chapters of the â€Å"Scarlet Letter,† With Hawthorne throwing around words like â€Å"quietude† I wasn’t sure if it was truly the difference in his old English speech, or if he was tossing in obscure words just to send people looking through their dictionaries to find out if he had, in fact, made the word up, or not. But, as I delved deeper into Hawthorn’s work I found a brilliant story with some of the richest charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 2029 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of the A in The Scarlet Letter â€Å"So, in the course of the novel, the ‘A’ seems to encompass the entire range of human beingness, from the earthly and passionate ‘adulteress’ to the pure and spiritual ‘angel,’ taking into account everything in between,† begins Claudia Durst Johnson (128). Many believe the A in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter possesses only one meaning - adulterer; however, Hawthorne imbues the symbolic letter with diverse definitions. In the novel, HawthorneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1961 Words   |  8 PagesVital to the â€Å"A† The Scarlet Letter is a book complete of secrets and deceptions. The book teaches you about the difference about telling the truth or keeping it a secret. It shows you the challenges of both telling the truth and keeping a secret from everyone. There are many vital scenes throughout the book. With many of the scenes, if they weren’t in the book it would have had a completely different ending. The Scarlet Letter is a book full of eventful scenes that keep the book both exciting and interesting

Reaction Times With Different Genres Of Music - 705 Words

Reaction Times With Different Genres of Music Introduction: The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of sound in a car on the driver’s reaction time. The use of both genders highlights which gender has the fastest reaction and the use of age range 15-20 represent the learner and provisional drivers. The different types of sound are relatable in the car as: the ‘silent’ sound represents the driver not experiencing any distractions, the ‘classical’ music is when the radio/CD music is soft and calm, and the ‘rock’ music is when the radio/CD music is upbeat and loud. Aim: To determine which gender has the fastest reaction to different types of sound: silence, classical or rock, and to determine which sound has the most effect on reaction time. Materials: †¢ Computer - Internet - Mouse †¢ 6 subjects o 3 males and 3 females from age range 15-20 †¢ Phone with: o Classical music – â€Å"Symphony No. 40 in G minor† by Mozart o Rock Music – â€Å"American Idiot† by Green Day †¢ Earphones Hypothesis: The different sounds will not affect the reaction times by much only due to human error and the male gender will have the faster reaction time compared to females. Method: 1. A quiet room with no distractions was found. 2. The human reaction time test website was opened (http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime). 3. The first subject clicked on â€Å"Click to start† in the blue area when they were ready. 4. When the red screen turned green, they clicked again as quickly as theyShow MoreRelatedEveryday Life Is Shaped By One Force1706 Words   |  7 Pages Everyday life is shaped by one force: music. Everyone listens to music every single day of their lives and, whether they realize it or not, it shapes their lives. Music affects people’s moods and interactions. People interested in different genres will also act differently because various genres have separate effects on people’s minds. Each genre has its own personality that it is generally related to, however not everyone who enjoys a specific genre is the stereotypical audience, such as a normallyRead MoreGenre Of Music Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesOur data showed some interesting trends for each genre of music. While many of our tests fell in line with what we predicted with our hypothesis, we did have some outliers that we did not account for. As stated previously, we started by testing the resting heart rate of our subjects as our constant. The overall average of our subjects’ heart rates was 69.92 BPM which falls in line with the standard average. However, some subjects had a harder time relaxing completely while being tested and thereforeRead MoreMusic is one of many forms of art. There are varying types of music which consists of seven1300 Words   |  6 Pages Music is one of many forms of art. There are varying types of music which consists of seven different concepts. These concepts: rhythm, tone, beat, melody, harmony, expression, and structure, are the fundamental parts of music. These parts of music, with all of its characteristics, has been proven throughout history to change views of most humans on earth regardless of age race, sex, and nationality. The creation of music is still disputed; however its early forms consisted of simple beats, rhythmsRead MoreMusic and Race Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagescertain music to cure diseases or to make scientific or technological discoveries, music is one thing society can never live without. To both artists and their listeners, music provides an indispensible beauty that helps fulfill lives, and connect to nature. Music expresses the human condition in the purest way and affects everyone at a personal level. Plato, a well-known classical Greek philosopher once said, â€Å"If you want to measure the spiritual depth of society, make sure to mark its music.† GenerallyRead MoreThe Power Of Rock N Roll Changed Society1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Rock Older generations complain today that music these days just does not compare to music of the past, that the music we listen to today has no class and makes us rebellious. Ironically enough, they were told the exact same thing themselves when they were young, along with the generation before them. Rock N’ Roll changed the fabric of society for nearly a century, having evolved from music that was already controversial in itself. As a result, a generation of youth that was either consideredRead MoreHow Genre Conventions Are Used to Raise Audience Expectations in Horror Movie Trailers.1576 Words   |  7 PagesHow genre conventions are used to raise audience expectations in horror movie trailers. ‘The word genre means ‘type’ or ‘category’’ (Teach yourself film studies) it is really important as an audience member to recognise genres as then things become categorised and easier for them to understand which is more comforting. Sometimes however genres are crossed and categories are broken for example sometimes we have ‘action thrillers’ or ‘sci-fi horrors’ this is known as a hybrid genre. This often intriguesRead MoreHip Hop Culture And Culture1196 Words   |  5 Pagesreferred to as â€Å"black music† and a reflection of black culture. However, recent studies done by the Mediamark Research Inc. showed that 60% of rap music buyers are white. With the emergence of white, Latino, Asian, and other rappers with diverse backgrounds on the Hip Hop scene it is important recognize the changing color of the genre and the stereotype it holds as â€Å"black music†. Black culture has also been subject to appro priation because of the popularization of Hip-hop music. However, much of theRead MoreHow Music Effects People1583 Words   |  7 PagesMusic does have an Effect on Peoples Moods, Emotions Actions Music has an exceptional way of transcending feelings, emotions, and information across the world. It is a beautiful, yet powerful force is composed of feeling, abundance, and raw emotion and influences our way of dress, our dialect and even our own moral fiber. It can be as simple as the beat created by walking on the planks of a deck, or as intricate as a twelve part symphony. This thesis will examine how music as a whole, effectsRead MoreThe Misconception Of Rap Music962 Words   |  4 PagesThe Misconception of Rap Music is subjective which means people will often voice their opinions on it, and undoubtedly one of the most controversial genres that has sparked a barrage of disapproval is rap. It is believed and further encouraged by the media that rap music promotes a bad lifestyle. With corruption being apparent around the world it is easy for the media to put the blame on a genre of music that is filled with explicit lyrics about violence, drugs, and rebellious subject matters. HoweverRead MoreEthno 50B Essay #11347 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom other genres of music and also has lent itself to other genres of music.† Herbie Hancock makes it clear that jazz has been an evolving form of art. And just as simple as the notion that music can change the world, music changes in itself. Jazz once evolved into something we call swing. Back in the roaring twenties people got up and danced to this kind of music. However, these simple and playful melodies that everyone were accustomed to transformed into intricate music with a different basis. When

Essay about The Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel - 626 Words

Author: Elie Wiesel Do you see that chimney over there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- thats where youre going to be taken. Thats your grave, over there. Havent you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, dont you understand anything? Youre going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes. The Holocaust lasted from 1939-1942. During these tough and traumatic years Hitler killed over 6,000,000 people, mostly Jews, but the retarded, homosexual, and handicapped were also murdered. But the Jews did make it through these rough times. They survived only on courage, dreams, and hope. Before World War II, Elie Wiesel led an ordinary life for a teenage Jew at the time. He went to†¦show more content†¦Nobody believed him. The next day the Germans came into town. Wiesel’s connection with God is very strong at the beginning of the story, but as the book went on it got weaker and weaker. I think God was testing the Jews to see that even at the time of true danger if they would stay loyal to him. One time Wiesel said, Why, but why should I bless Him? Because he had thousands of children burned in his pits?...† life must have had been truly terrible to have said that in the time when God was the one who was most needed. Life in the Concentration was literally â€Å"Hell on Earth†. The Jews were tortured, whipped, and starved. After babies and others were gassed they were thrown into the furnaces. They were given lumpy beds to sleep on, their bread was made of saw dust and flour, they were made to do excruciating work, and they were sometimes put through tests deciding weather they would live or die. Over 4/5 of the Jews did not survive the camps and some that did survive had mental problems because of what they had been through. At the end of the war The Jews went for a Death run, in this run they ran from Auschwitz to Buchenwald. That’s over 150 miles! Again, few survived. To survive in the concentration camps you needed every ounce of strength. Every week in Buna (one of the many concentration camps that ElieShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel1635 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Jews were killed during the Holocaust. The Jews were persecuted, tortured and slaughtered in concentration camps (â€Å"The Holocaust† 1). Night by Elie Wiesel is the powerful memoir of his experiences during the Holocaust. Night shows the tragedy of the Holocaust through the use literary devices, including the themes of loss of faith and cruelty toward other human beings, night as a symbol of suffering and fear, and the use of first person narrative. Night allows the reader to emotionally connectRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Night By Elie Wiesel991 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel wrote this non-fiction book to alert his audience of his and his families experiences in the Holocaust and what they went through. He notes his journey through chronological events using extreme description. He accomplished this purpose by detailing every little thing that he experienced and that the people around him experienced. The central thesis of Night by Elie Wiesel is that a hostile and insensitive environment and world can cause even the strongest person to lose faith and identityRead MoreThe Holocaust s Night By Elie Wiesel1361 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought families closer. The Holocaust forced family members to hold on to each other and trust each other. â€Å"In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million [...] By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the ‘Final Solution,’ the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe† (Introduction to the Holocaust). Night is a memoir written by Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor. Elie Wiesel’s Night describes that father and sonRead MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust Of Night By Elie Wiesel1458 Words   |  6 Pagesmistakes or all of a sudden stop mass killings or genoc ides. Humans have always killed and they will continue to do it. Humans will not all of a sudden be pacifists and stop killing. This has happened with the Rwandan genocide and with the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel. Man will not stop committing such atrocities and have a brighter future and these are only a few reasons why. First of all, man has been killing since the beginning of time. Even in the Bible, Cain killed Abel and that was in the veryRead MoreLife through the Holocaust in Night by Elie Wiesel746 Words   |  3 Pagescharacteristic in human beings that future generations can interpret as positive or negative. The Holocaust demonstrates to future generations a trait that exists in humans. The discovery that came with the Holocaust is the idea that humans’ main concern is themselves when they are in challenging situations. Elie Wiesel, a Holocaust survivor, presents this quality in his novel, Night. Wiesel establishes through Night that the people’s primary concern is over their own protection and wellness to prove thatRead MorePainful Experiences of the Holocaust in the Novel, Night by Elie Wiesel1185 Words   |  5 PagesNight Essay Prompt: Analyze how Wiesels character changed throughout the novel, especially in regard to the Jewish religion and towards God as a result of his experiences during the Holocaust. How does Wiesel’s transformation reveal the author’s intended theme about the Holocaust? World War II is a very impactful point in history where the Holocaust is viewed as one of the worst acts of human genocide. Countless Jewish victims endured traumatizing amounts of suffering and pain that transformedRead MoreHow Night by Elie Wiesel Helped People Connect to the Horrors of the Holocaust709 Words   |  3 Pagesmany have heard of the terrors faced by the Jews in countries that were under German control during World War II, few have stepped back and really thought about the weight of what really happened to the people in the concentration camps. I believe Night helped people connect to what really happened. This is an actual persons life, their story, poured out onto pages that reflect not only facts but his deepest pains and fears. While recounting his physical discomforts and many hardships, he also givesRead MoreRoad Rage1653 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the Holocaust: Life in the ghettos, Dr. Mengele’s medical care, and food in the camps Genocide during WWII was unbelievably cruel and awful. The Holocaust was sure to be remembered from this time period and have permanently engraved horrible memories into those who survived. During the Holocaust many victims suffered while living in the ghettos, soon to reach the camps they also suffered there as well. The encounters with Dr. Mengele were unbearable too. Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night is very importantRead MoreThe Holocaust By Elie Wiesel1107 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement: The hardships that Elie Wiesel faced in the concentration camps lead him to lose faith, until after when realizing it was crucial to keep faith in God despite the horrendous events of the Holocaust. What God would let his people be burned, suffocated to death, separated from their families, and starved toRead More Faith lost in God Essay697 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The book Night by Elie Wiesel, tells a story about a young religious boy who begins to lose his faith in God at such an early age. The book deals with the tragedies as well as the occurrences which has happened during the Holocaust and at the Nazi concentration camps. The young boy named Elie Wiesel deals with the death of his family as well as the painful times during the Holocaust. There are many representations in this book on how Elie Wiesel is shocked with trama at

Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition Free Essays

string(58) " a total allocation of 1024 further addresses from APNIC\." I P v 4 TO IP v 6 TRANSITION – UPDATE 2011 An overview of the new Internet a ddressing protocol, its implications for b usiness and government, and Telstra’s a pproach to the transition. WHITE PAPER September 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGE 3 WHAT IS IPv6? PAGE 4 IPv4 ADDRESS RUN OUT PAGE 5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IPv4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? PAGE 6 GOVERNMENT MANDATES PAGE 8 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IPv6 PAGE 10 WHAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS? PAGE 13 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? PAGE 14 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW? PAGE 16 CONCLUSION PAGE 18 APPENDIX – IP ADDRESSING PAGE 19 REFERENCES PAGE 21 WHY TELSTRA? PAGE 22 FIGURES TABLES FIGURE 1 IPv6 ECOSYSTEM PAGE 6 FIGURE 2 DUAL-STACK SUPPORTS BOTH PROTOCOLS IN PARALLEL WITHIN ONE NETWORK PAGE 7 FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE OF A DUAL-STACK ACCESS TO THE INTERNET PAGE 14 TABLE 1 IP ADDRESS HEADER FORMATS PAGE 19 TABLE 2 INDIVIDUAL ADDRESSES AND NOTATION PAGE 20 TABLE 3 UNIQUE LOCAL ADDRESS RANGE PAGE 20 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IPv4 is the dominant addressing protocol used on the Internet and most private networks today. With the current exponential growth in Internet users worldwide, combined with the limited address range of IPv4, the number of available public IPv4 addresses remaining is very limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition or any similar topic only for you Order Now IPv6 is the next-generation Internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly expanded address space. This white paper provides an update on the current industry status of IPv6, how the IPv4 to IPv6 transition will affect some organisations, and Telstra’s perspective on the transition. Internet Transition IPv4, the dominant addressing protocol, is rapidly running out of capacity and will be replaced by IPv6 The protocol that governs communication on the Internet (and most intranets) today is called Internet Protocol version 4, or IPv4. The popularity of the Internet has caused a shortage of public IPv4 addresses and they are quickly running out, with the global registry of IPv4 addresses from the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) exhausted in February 2011 and the Asia-Pacific regional registry in April 2011I. Other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are expected to be exhausted between 2012 and 2014II. Once this happens, no more IPv4 addresses will be allocated to Internet service providers (ISPs). Individual ISP run-out will depend upon how well each ISP manages its address pools compared to the rate of each ISP’s subscriber growth. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a popular issue and one which the industry will spend more time managing in the coming years. The transition is complex and will require IPv6 support by an end-to-end industry ecosystem. The ecosystem includes customer premise equipment, modems/home gateways, network systems, management (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Telstra’s Approach Telstra’s approach is based on the dual-stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist Telstra will ensure that customers can migrate to IPv6 at their own pace, with minimal impact to services Telstra has been planning for the IPv6 transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack solution, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact to customers. Customers will not be forced to move to IPv6 overnight – they can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready. Telstra is already testing dual-stack technology on a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6. Similar to service providers, businesses face a challenge in undertaking the complex transition of their IPv4 internal ecosystems without impacting services. Just as Telstra has done, it is advised that every online or IT-based business should prepare an IPv4 to IPv6 transition strategy. Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our own program of work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition. 3 WHAT IS IP v 6? IPv6 was designed during the mid-1990s, when the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) realised that IPv4 address size constraints would soon be a major impediment to the continued growth of the Internet. IPv6 was first known as the Next Generation Internet Protocol (IPng) during development within the IETF. Since 1998, it has officially been known as IPv6. In the transition to IPv6, both IPv6 and IPv4 will co-exist until IPv6 eventually replaces IPv4. The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the vastly expanded IP address space available The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the address size. IPv6 addresses comprise 128 bits, whereas IPv4 addresses comprise 32 bits. This difference results in a huge expansion in available IP address space: ? I Pv4: 2 32 a ddresses equals 4. 3 billion addresses (less than the global human p opulation of 4. 7 billion) ? I Pv6: 2 128 a ddresses. Because the last 64 bits are used to allocate a ddresses within a subnet, that leaves 2 64, which equals 18 billion billion s ubnet addresses. IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4 Whilst IPv6 performs the same address function as IPv4, IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4. Therefore, an IP data session must use either IPv4 or IPv6 end-to-end. IPv6 and IPv4 can be used together with translation mechanisms such as Application Layer Gateways when the applications are known and supported end-to end. 4 IP v 4 ADDRESS RUN OUT The global top-level registration body, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), exhausted its supply of available IPv4 addresses in February 2011. APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) is the Regional Internet Registry which allocates IP addresses in the Asia-Pacific region. Unfortunately for Australia, APNIC effectively ran out of addresses in April 2011. The Asia-Pacific is also the highest growth region for IP address llocation. Telstra and any other ISP in the Asia-Pacific region are now only eligible for a total allocation of 1024 further addresses from APNIC. You read "Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition" in category "Papers" There will be no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses for Asia-Pacific ISPs Because no further large allocations of IPv4 addresses are available, the ability of Asia-Pa cific ISPs to allocate IPv4 addresses for new customers depends on the number of addresses they already hold, the rate at which they are using them for new services, and the ISP’s capability to adopt address translation technologies, which may reduce their rate of address demand. These factors will be different for each ISP, so it is likely that ISPs across the industry will run out of IPv4 addresses across a wide timeframe – some may run out within only a couple of years, others may be able to delay that exhaustion well into the future. 5 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IP v 4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? Internal enterprise networks using private IPv4 addresses will not be affected IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist on the Internet for many years Firstly, internal enterprise networks using private IPv4 addresses will not be impacted. Nor will the run-out impact existing IPv4 networks and IPv4 based services already allocated IPv4 addresses — they will continue to operate normally. Secondly, IPv4 and IPv6 will co-exist in the Internet for many years, quite likely for decades. Unlike Y2K, there is no cut-off date when IPv4 use will cease and the world will fully migrate to IPv6. The plan is for gradual transition: different regions and industry players will move to IPv6 at different rates. Consequently, end users will need the capability to access both IPv4 and IPv6 content and services on the Internet. This dual apability may be inherent in the end users’ equipment, or may be provided transparently by their or the content publishers’ ISPs. To enable this dual protocol access during the transition period, technology solutions were developed in conjunction with the development of the IPv6 protocol in the mid-1990s. Three categories of transition technologies exist: ? Tunnelling – encapsul ates one protocol within another (e. g. IPv6 in IPv4, IPv4 in IPv6) ? Protocol Translation – translates packets between protocols (e. g. IPv6 to IPv4) ? Dual-stack – support both protocols in parallel within one network. Telstra’s dual-stack path nables both protocols to co-exist on our networks Telstra has chosen the dual-stack path, enabling both protocols on its networks. The use of dual stack will ensure our customers have the current functionality of IPv4 always available to them even while they start deploying IPv6 in their systems. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a known issue which the industry will have to manage over the coming years. The transition will take time as it will require IPv6 support by an industry end-to-end eco-system including CPE, modems/home gateways, networks, systems (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Figure 1: IPv6 Ecosystem Systems tools Carrier/ ISP Client apps Consumer electronics Modems Operating systems Mobile handsets Public IPv6 Content/Apps Global Internet Network vendors Content/Apps Systems tools Servers IPv6 is the accepted solution, however, moving the entire ecosystem to IPv6 will take many years Source: Telstra 6 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IP v 4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT? Telstra continually monitors industry developments with regard to the other transition technologies and we may choose to apply other methods where appropriate. Co-existence of IPv4 and IPv6 Dual-stack (IPv6/IPv4) remains the accepted industry direction for the introduction of IPv6. Tunnelling has sometimes been used by early IPv6 adopters where native IPv6 has not been available end-to-end. IPv4 to IPv6 protocol translation mechanisms may also be applied in the future in certain circumstances. Figure 2: Dual-stack supports both protocols in parallel within one network Applications TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv4 Physical Layer Dual Stack Backbone Applications TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv4 Physical Layer 7 GOVERNMENT MANDATES Some Governments have set mandates to ensure a well-managed transition rom IPv4 to IPv6 before IPv4 addresses run out The importance of continued Internet growth has been recognised by many governments due to its critical role for areas such as e-commerce, healthcare services and public information dissemination. This has led some governments to set IPv6 technology mandates to ensure a well-managed transition from IPv4 to IPv6 prior to the run-out of IPv4 addresses. The smoo th and ordered adoption of these technologies will ensure continued Internet connectivity for all of their citizens. Initially targeted at enterprises, institutions and government elated Internet services, IPv6 mandates are now being issued for consumer broadband services The technology mandates have been primarily targeted at enterprises, institutions and departments that provide governments with their Internet connectivity services. Only recently IPv6 mandates for consumer broadband services have been issued. North America In August 2005, the US OMB (Office of Management and Budgets) issued Memorandum M 05 22: Transition Planning for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). This sets the US Federal Agencies a hard deadline for compliance to IPv6 on their core IP networks. This mandate led many major US Service Providers (e. g. ATT, Sprint, Verizon, QWest, NTT America) to develop government and enterprise solutions to allow agencies to buy IPv6 products and services to meet their core connectivity requirements. In practice, all of the agencies met the mandate because they were able to demonstrate that their backbone networks were capable of carrying IPv6 packets by the agreed deadline. However, there was no need to actually implement IPv6-based services. A draft roadmap for IPv6 adoption by the US Government has recently been prepared. Europe The European Commission communicated an IPv6 action plan in May 2008. The target was to have 25% of European customers accessing the Internet using IPv6 by 2010, which challenges all players (ISPs, content providers, customer premise equipment vendors, governments and organisations) to work towards this target. Asia Many Asian countries, including China, Japan and Korea have been early adopters of IPv6 due to government mandates. For example: ? C hinese Government Strategy: C hina Next Generation Internet (CNGI) sets o ut a five year plan (2006-2010) for the adoption of IPv6 Korean Government Strategy: T he Korean Government has the strategic IPv6 Promotion Plan II, which sets a vision of deploying IPv6 for the public sector. 8 GOVERNMENT MANDATES Australia The AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office) has set the following timeframes for IPv6 adoption within the Australian Government and its departments: ? Preparation Jan 2008 – December 2009 ? Transition Ja n 2010 – December 2011 ? Implementation Jan 2012 – December 2012. The Australian Department of Defence has also mandated a move to IPv6. 9 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Industry has been slow to adopt IPv6 since few commercial drivers exist Across the globe, the industry has been slow to adopt IPv6, since very few commercial drivers for migration have existed at present. By its very nature, the Internet involves a huge number of disparate groups and thus a coordinated approach is difficult to achieve. The lack of a commercial imperative is due to a ‘chicken and egg’ situation: why support IPv6 in the equipment if there are no IPv6 services, and why create an IPv6 service if nobody can use it? This situation is now changing with the occurrence of the global IPv4 exhaustion. Nevertheless, while many parts of the industry are now supporting IPv6, others are lagging behind. The following is a brief analysis of the readiness of key industry sectors: Network Equipment Generally, network equipment vendors already provide IPv6 dual-stack support In the main, network equipment vendors already provide IPv6 support (dual-stack) for the core and edge of networks. Key vendors have been hardware and softwareready for several years, with equipment deployed in small-scale trials. Even though IPv6 capability has existed in most network routing equipment for some time, it has often not been enabled for use. Network control path functions like DNS, DHCP and RADIUS, however, are not yet uniformly supported for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack across all vendors. These remain among the ‘work in progress’ issues for the industry. Internet Infrastructure Global IPv6 interconnectivity is now growing rapidly Global IPv6 Backbones As IPv4 and IPv6 do not interwork, it is essential there is global IPv6 interconnectivity similar to the IPv4 Internet today. The global network of IPv6 interconnectivity is now growing rapidly. We expect there will be a substantial interconnected Australian IPv6 backbone between many, if not most, ISPs by the end of 2011. Domain Name Servers IPv6 devices will resolve Internet domain names into IP addresses using IPv6 entirely A critical step along the path to IPv6 was implemented on 4 February 2008, when ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) assigned IPv6 addresses and provided IPv6 connectivity to six of the Internet’s root domain name servers (DNS). Similar enhancements are being made to other top-level DNS (e. g. for . com and . org). The APNIC servers for the . u domain also have IPv6 connectivity. These enhancements to DNS will allow IPv6 devices to resolve Internet domain names into IP addresses entirely using IPv6. Service Providers To connect to the global IPv6 Internet, customers will need to use a service provider that supports IPv6 and provides the required connectivity through to the global IPv6 backbones. 10 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR I P v 6 Enterprise Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Service providers in the US have begun offering dual-stack VPN services largely to support federal agencies in response to US Government mandates. Telstra’s dualstack IPv6 VPN product capabilities are in an advanced stage of development. Broadband There are still few consumer broadband IPv6 offerings from ISPs, but it is expected there will be an increasing number in the Australian market during 2011-12. Customer Environment In general, few modem gateways and other consumer on-premise equipment currently support IPv6 Consumer Modems and IP Devices In general, very few modem gateways and other CPE appliances in use by consumers currently support IPv6. The main exception includes some high-end PDA mobile phones running Windows Mobile, and some CPE made for specific markets such as Japan. In the vast majority of cases, these IPv4-only devices will not be economically upgradeable to support IPv6. This is because the device is not upgradeable in any way, or because additional resources (e. g. flash memory or RAM) are required to support IPv6. IPv6 capability from many consumer gateway vendors is only starting to be released during 2011. The long lifespan of broadband modem gateways means that many consumers will not have IPv6 connectivity capability for several years unless they opt to replace their modem with a dual-stack capable gateway. Mobile Handsets Dual-stack IPv4/IPV6 capability is expected to become available on selected new mobile handsets during 2011/12. Carriers will need to support IPv6 in their networks for handset use of IPv6 to be possible. Operating Systems Most, if not all, mainstream consumer and business operating systems available now have IPv6/IPv4 dual stack capability. However, legacy systems with either no or limited IPv6 capability (such as Windows XP) are expected to be in widespread use for several years yet. 11 INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IP v 6 Applications and Content Applications Many applications will work when used with IPv6. Others will need to be checked and modified Applications have to be specifically written to take advantage of IPv4/IPv6 dual stack capabilities in the underlying operating system. In many cases, applications will work correctly when used over an IPv6 network. Others will need to be checked and modified to meet the dual-stack requirements and take advantage of IPv4/IPv6 dualstack capabilities built in to most recent underlying operating systems. Applications can be divided into the following major categories: ? S erver applications: Servers typically include web servers, database s ervers and mail servers, but can also include others such as those used for multiplayer online gaming. The applications running on these servers respond to requests from client applications which are carried across I P networks ? C lient applications: End users run client applications which initiate requests to server applications across IP networks (the web browser being the most common example) ? Peer-to-peer applications: In this case the end user application acts as both a c lient and a server and can communicate directly with other users across I P networks. Most applications interface at the IP socket layer and won’t be affected whether the transport is IPv4 or IPv6. However, some applications may have been originally written in a way that ties them to IPv4, and these will have to be modified. Some examples include: ? Use of hard coded IPv4 addresses ? IP address data structures that only cater for IPv4 size addresses ? U ser interfaces that display an IP address, or allow an IP address to be e ntered only in IPv4 format. Many applications, including web browsers, already support dual-stack function. Others are subject to the planned timing of upgrades by the application developer. Ideally, applications should be agnostic to the use of IPv4 or IPv6. An application that supports dual-stack will usually give preference to IPv6 if it is available, otherwise it will fall back to using IPv4. Content Providers Most major Internet content providers have yet to move to a dual-stack architecture Most major Internet content providers are yet to make the move to a dual-stack architecture. Some have established specific IPv6-only versions of their site to enable IPv6 access to users who have IPv6 connectivity, and who deliberately choose to use IPv6 (e. . ipv6. google. com and www. v6. facebook. com). Many Internet content providers are beginning to plan for a dual-stack architecture. This was exhibited when many content providers participated in World IPv6 Day (held on 8 June 2011) to trial IPv6 at a global level. 12 W HAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS? Multinational enterprises and those that deal with government departments are most likely to be impacted by gove rnment mandates. This will drive the need to support IPv6 (e. g. Australian Government departments implementing IPv6 in 2012). The IPv4 public address run-out will mostly affect businesses in their external connections Public IPv4 address shortages will have minimal impact on Enterprise VPNs due to the prevailing use of private IPv4 addressing. The IPv4 public address run-out will mostly affect businesses in their external connections to consumers and the broader Internet. Each business needs to consider whether to deliver IPv6 based services to consumers who prefer to use IPv6. Businesses must ensure an IPv6 communication path from the enterprise edge to where IPv6 supported applications are hosted Consumers will move to dual-stack CPE configured with an IPv6 address as well as an IPv4 address (either public or private) in order to access both IPv4 and IPv6 content. Businesses that host applications accessible via the Internet will need to cater for consumers with IPv4 or IPv6 public addresses. Since each protocol needs to work endto-end, for businesses the transition does not end with deployment of dual-stack devices at the enterprise edge. It also requires enterprise network design changes to make the communication path IPv6-capable from the enterprise edge to where IPv6 supported applications are hosted. Businesses face a similar challenge to service providers, such as Telstra, in making the IP addressing transition. Transitioning to IPv6 requires the full ecosystem to move (i. e. network equipment, modems, consumer devices, operating systems, applications, content servers, IT systems, etc). Therefore, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will be a large and complex task that will require significant coordination across the full spectrum of players involved in end-to-end IP services. 13 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? Telstra has been planning for this transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Telstra has prepared for the transition through a clear strategy and implementation program Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack approach, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact on customers – they are not forced to move to IPv6 overnight and can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready. Telstra is already testing a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6 across our services. Timing for implementation in each product will depend on business drivers and equipment availability (e. g. CPE). It covers services across Telstra Internet Direct (TID), Enterprise networks, Consumer Broadband, Mobiles and Telstra’s global networks. Figure 3: Example of a dual-stack access to the Internet Customer Service Provider LNS DNS Apps, Content Systems Global Internet Content Providers IPv4 content/apps ADSL Modem Cable CMTS Modem Service Provider PoP Domestic Backbone Global Internet Backbones Dual-stack content/apps Wireless IPv6 content/ apps LNS Large installed base of IPv4-only CPE Dual-Stack Outside Service Provider Control Largely installed base of IPv4-only content/apps Outside Service Provider Control Dual-Stack enables a smooth transition, supporting both IPv6 and IPv4 Source: Telstra TID and IP-VPN Services The benefits of dual-stack technology for TID and IP-VPN customers are as follows: ? Continued service availability even as IPv4 addresses run out ? Smooth transition to IPv6 at own pace N ative IPv6 connectivity which provides better performance than IPv6 t unnels ? Essentially unlimited Internet addressing ? Leverages the Telstra Next IP ® network. 14 WHAT IS TELSTRA’S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION? BigPond Broadband Most consumer broadband customers will be more interested in the content and applications they use, rather than which IP addressing protocol is being used. Nevertheless: ? For many, the transition to IPv6 will occur smoothly and transparently as e ach of the components of the end-to-end service moves to dual-stack ( e. g. odems, PCs, content) ? T he industry is expecting that Internet content and applications will be d ual-stack or IPv4-only for a long time to come ? I t is unlikely that any significant content on the Internet will be available t hrough IPv6-only for many years yet. Mobiles including Telstra Mobile Broadband ? I nitial availability of IPv6-capable mobile devices is not expected u ntil 2011/12 ? I n the future there may be developments in self-contained mobile solutions, w hich will also drive IPv6 use (e. g. Telemetry and machine-to-machine s olutions). Applications and Content Telstra applications and content will transition to be offered over IPv6 (to achieve end-to-end IPv6) as well as IPv4. Telstra’s Global Networks Telstra’s global networks operated by Telstra International Group adopted the same business approach as Telstra’s guideline for the IPv4 to IPv6 transition. Key features include: ? D ual-stack approach to seamlessly support the co-existence of IPv4 and I Pv6 IP routing on global IP networks, including the MPLS-VPN platform and G lobal Internet / IP Transit platform N o hard cut-over for customers and continuing support for customer IPv4 a ddress-based IP routing on Telstra global networks in the coming years ? C ontinue IPv4 and IPv6 support for IP network’s auxiliary services such as D NS services on global Internet platform, looking glass on online port etc ? F rom FY 2011/12, Telstra International Group will start leasing IPv6 addresses to customers needing to connect to Telstra’ s global IP networks, with limited I Pv4 Address also available ? Native IPv6 Address IP routing on core network is on the road map ? Telstra is committed to work with global network partners for native I Pv6 traffic peering and/or interconnection for both private and public I P networks. 15 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW? Businesses can begin to prepare for their own IP addressing transition through the following steps: 1. Conduct an IPv6 readiness assessment ? Network hardware ? Servers, PCs (e. g. operating systems) ? Network management and security ? Applications ? IT systems ? Organisational capability (IPv6 skills) ? Understand coexistence implications (performance, resources). 2. Prepare an IP addressing strategy Develop a high-level view of transition approach for the business. 3. Develop an end-to-end program view ? Network, IT, devices, applications, etc ? Processes to minimise impacts ? Communication of the IPv6 strategy within the business ? Maintain network security through the transition to IPv6 ? Work with vendors, system integrators and service providers to define d etail and align timings (e. g. lin k hardware upgrades to lifecycle p rocesses to minimise costs) ? Analyse transition costs and develop a transition budget. 4. Formulate an Implementation Plan ? Identify dependencies and major milestones Use phased approach based on priorities and timings. 5. Progress Implementation ? Work in close coordination and consultation with network provider ? Telstra commits to providing timely information and updates on its program o f work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage t heir transition. 16 WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW? Leverage our Experience and Best Practice Telstra can assist and support customers in their transition to IPv6 through our Professional Services and Consulting Services. The services we provide include: ? Consulting: Planning consultation, including business level investigation and analysis – Conduct a Communications Strategy plan update – Readiness assessments and check lists – Total ecosystem roadmap development (Not necessarily Telstra specific) – Vendor management and CPE – VoIP / other providers / web sites, etc ? Design and Architecture: – Network design – CPE programming remote or onsite (future) ? Project Management: – Transition planning – Seamless transition – Staged transition planning process, achieved via: – Workshops – Customised design – Implementation planning Telstra can provide overall project management to guide a customer t hrough the transition process. 17 CONCLUSION The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is a known issue which the industry will have to manage over the coming years. The transition will take time as it will require IPv6 to be supported by an end-to-end industry ecosystem including CPE, modems/home gateways, networks, systems (OSS/BSS, tools), content and applications. Telstra has been planning for this transition for a number of years. We have a defined transition strategy and a well-advanced IPv6 implementation program. Our strategy for IPv6 introduction is based on the dual-stack approach, allowing both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to co-exist until the transition to IPv6 is complete. This approach will make sure that the transition occurs with minimal impact on customers – customers are not forced to move to IPv6 overnight and can deploy and migrate to IPv6 as they become ready. Telstra is already testing a number of key networks and products to seamlessly introduce IPv6. Businesses face a similar challenge to service providers in undertaking a complex transition of their IP ecosystem without impacting services. It is advisable that businesses start preparing their IPv4 to IPv6 transition strategies. Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our program of work to assist customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition. 18 APPENDIX 1 – IP ADDRESSING IP Address Header Formats Table1 0 16 Ver HL TOS Total Length Identification TTL 32 Flag Protocol Fragmet Offset Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding IPv4 Header 0 16 Ver 32 Traf. Class Flow Label Payload Length Nxt Hdr Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address IPv6 Header Address Ranges Both IPv6 and IPv4 address ranges are often referred to in CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) notation, indicating how many of the bits in the range are used to identify the network prefix while the remaining bits identify subnets and hosts. For example, in 62. 0. 0. 0/8 or (62/8), the ‘/8’ indicates that the first 8 bits in the range are used for the common prefix and the remaining 24 bits are used for the host address within that network. 19 APPENDIX 1 – IP ADDRESSING Individual Addresses and Notation Table2 Address Family Written as Example IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 144. 135. 19. 10 (four decimal ranges written to represent each byte of address space) IPv6 Hexadecimal notation (eight hexadecimal ranges written to represent two bytes, separated by colons) IPv6 (short-hand) Hexadecimal notation 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000: 8a2e:0370:7334 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334 (eight hexadecimal ranges with zeros removed) Private Addressing In IPv4, four specific address ranges were allocated for use in private networks (e. g. within an enterprise or home). The ranges are: ? 10. 0. 0. /8 — quite often used by large enterprise networks or internally by ISPs ? 172. 16. 0. 0/12 — often used to number enterprise or ISP backbone networks ? 192. 168. 0. 0/16 — often used in small office/home office (SOHO) applications ? 169. 254. 0. 0/24 — used for link-local applications. These private addresses have no meaning on the public Internet. If external connectivity is required by nodes addressed privately, Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to translate the first three of these address ranges into public addresses when accessing the broader Internet. IPv6 also has a range of addresses identified for local use known as the Unique Local Address range FC00::/7 (defined by RFC4193). In IPv4, when an interface is assigned a link-local address, we assume that the device is only connected to a local network. However, the practice of assigning multiple identifiers to interfaces is expected in IPv6 and therefore, all interfaces maintain a link-local address and additional IPv6 addresses. Table 3: Unique Local Address Range 0 78 FC00::/7 1 48 Global ID 64 Site Subnets Interface Identifier With regard to NAT, industry IPv6 addressing practices are still developing. Although there is a hope that significant use of IPv6 to IPv6 network address translation will be avoided, it is not yet clear as to whether enterprises will use public IPv6 space (derived from a registry), provider IPv6 space (granted from an ISP), or a local addressing scheme together with IPv6 NAT. 20 REFERENCES I The remaining allocations by the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre are now rationed to a maximum of 1024 addresses per member under their latest policies – see â€Å"Policies for IPv4 address space management in the Asia Pacific region†, http://www. apnic. et/policy/add-manage-policy. II â€Å"IPv4 Address Report† http://ipv4. potaroo. net has the latest exhaustion estimates of the other regional registries 1 Global IPv6 Strategies – From Business Analysis to Operational Planning by Patrick Grossetete, Ciprian Popoviclu, Fred Wettling, Cisco Press, June 2008 2 Deploying IPv6 Networks by Ciprian Popoviclu, Patrick Grossetete, Eric LeviAbe gnoli, Cisco Press, February 2006 21 Why Telstra? Telstra provides network services and solutions to more than 200 of the world’s top 500 companies. They rely on us to do business across 240 countries nd territories and to enable greater productivity, efficiency and growth. Telstra solutions offer the best of all worlds – skilled people and a rich portfolio of services delivered on our world-class Telstra Next IP ® network and Next G ® network. To ensure reliable performance, they’re monitored and maintained from our dedicated centres using advanced management and operational systems. And they’re backed by Telstra Enterprise-grade Customer Service ® and one of Australia’s largest and most qualified field and technical workforce. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS P LEASE CONTACT YOUR T ELSTRA ACCOUNT EXECUTIVE V ISIT T ELSTRA. COM/ENTERPRISE/IPV6 C ALL 1 300 TELSTRA  © 2011 Telstra Corporation Limited. All rights reserved. This work is copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits fair dealing for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgement of the source is included. Permission for more extensive reproduction must be obtained from Telstra. â„ ¢ Trade mark of Telstra Corporation Limited.  ® Registered trademark of Telstra Corporation Limited ABN 33 051 775 556. How to cite Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition, Papers

Analysis Of ComfortDelGro Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of ComfortDelGro Company Answer: Introduction ComfortDelGro was formed in 2003 by a merger of two businesses the Comfort Group and the DelGro Corporation. The two companies had been in operation since the 1970s at the time they merged. ComfortDelGro is one of the leading land transporter dealers in Singapore, and even in the entire world. The company has gained a global presence through its provision of services to many different countries of the world, and now has many workforces distributed across the globe. When Comfort Group and DelGrop Corporation came together, they formed a robust country that gave the organization a significant local and global market. Therefore, the company operates at an international level. ComfortDelGro deals in the land transport industry and has offered a variety of services in this sector. The organization runs the business in taxi services, car rental and leasing service and bus services. Further, the company offers automotive engineering services, insurance broking, vehicle inspection and testing and outdoor services. The company provides these services in its seven countries that have branches in many other nations. Currently, it has over 44000 vehicles in its business network. The company competes for other international organizations in the industry (ComfortDelGro Corporation Limited, n.d.). Some of the competitors of ComfortDelGro include AZ Logistic, The Prestige Company and DB Schenker Croatia among many others. PESTEL Analysis for ComfortDelGro PESTEL is an abbreviation of Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors. PESTEL is a tool used to analyze the environmental factors for business. The tool is essential in unveiling relevant information to determine the state of the organization thus helping in management decision-making. Political The political factors affect ComfortDelGro Grow in many different ways. Firstly, the government of Singapore encourages its people to use public transport to reduce congestion on roads, thus helping ComfortDelGro to its customer base. The monopolization of the transport sector in Singapore has also had an impact on the operation of this company. Besides, the fact the government of Singapore does not monopolize the transport sector gives ComfortDelGro an advantage (OECD, 2010). Also, the government has made the industry to be open for competition. There are no restrictions on what can be done by the players for their competitive advantage (Adam, Wim Micheline, 2011), thus, influencing the operation of ComfortDelGro in both positive and negative ways. Therefore, these factors are important and have impacts on the functioning of this organization. Economic The economy of Singapore has grown fast for the past two years. It experienced a 1.9 per cent growth in the economy, and 2.0 per cent in 2016. This has effects on the operation and state of ComfortDelGro and the general service industry (Channel News Asia, 2009). The growing economy of Singapore has increased the human traffic thus, affecting the transport industry, there is increased people's trips per day and thus, increased ridership (Gilsoo, 2010). The prevailing peace and stable government of Singapore have attracted many tourists and other foreigners who increase the need for transport in the country. Therefore, the growth in economies of various countries has greatly boosted the transport industry thus, affecting the operation of ComfortDelGro. Social The social factors of the market areas of operation have impacts on ComfortDelGro. Singapore and many countries have experienced a growth in their population. The increase in the population brings an impact on the operation of ComfortDelGro (Land Transport Authority, 2014). Currently, the society is making attempts to embrace green environment which has made people to adopt lifestyle practices that have little impact on the environment. Ethnic Population Chineese 74.2% Malay 13.3% Indian 9.2% Others 3.3% The lifestyle practices that contribute to a green environment include reduction of carbon in the air among others (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). This has made many people choose public transport as a way to reduce emissions to the environment, thus affecting ComfortDelGro. Technological There are various aspects of technological presence and availability that ComfortDelGro should consider to gain a competitive edge. The company should embrace the social media technology which is one key aspects in attaining a competitive advantage. The company should effectively integrate social media in its business to reach many customers (Grant, Hackney, Edgar, 2010). The company should also adopt different types of technology platforms in its business for the convenience of clients interacting with the company. Additionally, there are also new trending technologies that ComfortDelGro should embrace, such as the use of GPRS among others. Therefore, these technologies affects ComfortDelGro in many ways and their adoption will help the organization gain a competitive advantage over others in the industry. Environmental The dominant environmental factors with the business market of ComfortDelGro has effects on its success. Singapore has a considerably large area occupied by the roads. Additionally, Singapore is among the smallest countries in the world. These factors have caused an increase in the need for transport. Again, the roads are still expanding (Parmar, 2014). This affects the transport sector thus, also impacting on the operation of ComfortDelGro. Besides, the climatic conditions in the areas of operation of ComfortDelGro have affected its business. Legal The legal factors are the rules and laws of the market environment. Most the legal factors within the countries of operation ComfortDelGro has hit it different ways, thus, the company needs to embrace the right legal factors for its effectiveness. Some of these aspects include its compliance to the countys regulation to manpower, safety, transport operator requirements among many others. (UNESCO-UIS, 2010). The organization needs to identify all the key legal factors in the country and ensure that it works within them. Therefore, the success of ComfortDelGro is influenced by the legal factors. ComfortDelGro Porter's Five Forces The Porter's Five Forces are important is establishing the market environment of ComfortDelGro. The forces are the bargaining power of the suppliers, the possibility of the new entrants in the market, the bargaining power of the customers, the possibility of new substitute products or services and the competition in the market industry (Friday, 2007). The Bargaining Power of Suppliers The threat level of the bargaining power of suppliers to ComfortDelGro is low. Some of the suppliers of ComfortDelGro include the capture the vehicle manufacturers, the fuel oil providers and many others. Regarding the vehicle suppliers, ComfortDelGro has a lot of bargaining power of them. As buyers, many vehicle sellers will always seek them to buy their cars. ComfortDelGro has the freedom to switch from one supplier to the other, thus, more bargaining power (Sapuan, 2007). On the other hand, ComfortDelGro has little bargaining power over other vendors such as those for fuel. This is an essential commodity that denies ComfortDelGro a competitive power. Therefore, different suppliers have different effects on the business of ComfortDelGro. The Bargaining Power of the Customers The bargaining power of customers of ComfortDelGro offers a low threat level to ComfortDelGro. The transport sector depicts different unique characteristics, unlike other industries. In this sector, the customers have little bargaining power on the services offered. This is because the industry does not give the customers the freedom to a choice from a variety (Blythe, 2009). People have little freedom on the transport options to use because they are mostly dictated by the various factors such as speed, time, convenience and many others. Thus, it is clear that the customers of ComfortDelGro have little bargaining power due to the nature of the industry. Threat of New Entrants There is medium threat level from the possible business entrants. An analysis of the market area of operation for ComfortDelGro reveals that there are few chances of new entrants coming into the market. The fact is true because of the nature of the industry in Singapore and other countries. The infrastructure and the demographic size does not promote many players in the sector. These scenarios in the transport sector make ComfortDelGro enjoy a bigger market share and also have an influence on the happenings in the industry. The intensity of the Competitive Rivalry in the Market The intensity of the competitive rivalry in the market offers a medium threat level to ComfortDelGro. The general transport sector in Singapore faces competition just like other areas. However, competition in the industry is different. The competition model allows different players to bid for certain routes of operation in the country. Some of the market competitors to ComfortDelGro who deal in general public transport include The AZ Logistic, The Prestige Company and DB Schenker Croatia among many others. Given the nature of the transport industry, where it operates in a duopoly line, these competitors have little competitive power forces on the operation of ComfortDelGro. The Threat of Substitute Products There are few substitutes for the services offered by ComfortDelGro. Many customers do not have the freedom to access the replacement services due to factors such as cost and convenience, thus, the threat is low. For example, some of the substitutes of ComfortDelGro's services is acquiring one's car. This is not easy for most people due to its price (Perkmann Spicer, 2010). Another substitute can be riding a bike, which is not convenient for many people. Therefore, these factors have significantly reduced the threat level of substitutes in the market. Management Recommendations to ComfortDelGro Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurial Culture Currently, the business environment in the transport industry is changing. This means that the ways that have been used will reduce their effectiveness over time. This necessitates the coming up of new ways of doing things (Booker, Bontis Serenko, 2008). Creativity entails coming up with new ways to do things in the organization. It presents a chance for business to adopt innovative ideas which are critical for the better functioning of business enterprises (Boumans Davis, 2010). It is recommended that ComfortDelGro takes creativity and innovation in its activities. The company should always seek for creative and innovative ways and design a good implementation strategy of these innovative ways. Creativity and innovation are important and is likely to give the company a competitive advantage over other players in the industry (Cameron, 2014). The best .way for the organization to adopt creativity and innovation is through integration into the organizational culture. Therefore, ComfortDelGro should integrate the innovative culture into the corporate culture. Adoption of sustainable strategies in business It is recommended that ComfortDelGro adopts sustainable ways in business. Currently, one of the world's concern is global warming. This is one of the sustainable ways that ComfortDelGro should give attention to these issues. People are now making efforts to adopt a lifestyle that has little effect on the environment (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). Thus, it is essential for ComfortDelGro to consider adoption of eco-friendly in business. Some of the environment-friendly approaches for ComfortDelGro as a player in the transport industry include the approval of vehicles which are eco-friendly and causes little pollution. This will increase the sustainability of the business. Therefore, when ComfortDelGro concentrates on the use of to friendly approaches, the company will increase its profit and business longevity. Risk Management Strategies Managing risk is important for the success of every business organization. Companies must come up with strategies to reduce risks in business. Implementing the innovative ideas into ComfortDelGro will call for a robust risk management system that will reduce chances of failure. Therefore, it is important that ComfortDelGro comes up with robust ways to manage risks in this business organization. Strong marketing strategies The success of business organizations lies in the effectiveness of their marketing strategies. ComfortDelGro should embrace STP marketing strategies for its success. The embrace market segmentation, Targeting and positioning of its transport services (John, Katherine Jocz, 2012). This is a critical aspect that will increase the customer satisfaction because it will help the organization to deliver as per the client requirements. Thus, it is recommended that ComfortDelGro adopts these best marketing strategies in its operation. These ways are ways will help the company increase its customer base, make more profit and also increase its business sustainability. Conclusion In conclusion, various factors within the operating environment affects the running of ComfortDelGro. PESTEL analysis revealed that the organization is affected by some political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. Some of these factors affect the business positively while others negatively. However, ComfortDelGro seems to be favored by most of these factors in its operation. Also, Porter's Five Forces analysis of ComfortDelGro unveiled important information. It made it clear that ComfortDelGro has a higher bargaining power over its suppliers, there are little possibilities for the new entrants to enter the market and that the customers of ComfortDelGro have little bargaining power. Besides, the analysis revealed that the competition of ComfortDelGro in the industry is moderate and also that there is little possibility of entrance of a substitute product in the market due to its nature. The understanding of the business environment is critical to the success of the ComfortDelGro. It provides vital information which can be used by the management to take the important direction that will help the business to grow. ComfortDelGro has potential to grow to another level with efficient administration and decision-making system. Additionally, it recommended that the organization incorporates creativity and innovation in its business, or gain competitive advantage. 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